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<a href="/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/4196668/jewish/Chanukah-Schedule.htm" class="child_item default" data-menu-level="3" data-aid="4196668"><span>Chanukah Schedule</span></a>
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<a href="/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/4482039/jewish/About-Us.htm" class="child_item default" data-menu-level="3" data-aid="4482039"><span>About Us</span></a>
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<div class="break_floats"></div></div></div></div><span class="parent"><img src="https://w2.chabad.org/images/global/spacer.gif" width="12" height="6" border="0" vspace="2" /><div><a href="/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/4026472/jewish/YK-Js.htm" class="parent">YK<br />J's</a></div></span><a href="/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/4026472/jewish/YK-Js.htm" class="bg_extension js-parent-menu-link" data-aid="4026472"></a></td>
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<span>CCOEVENTS-195</span>
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<span>SITES-1470</span>
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<span>SITES-1381</span>
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<span>SITES-1373</span>
</a>
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<span>SITES-1301</span>
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<span>SITES-1464</span>
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<span>Adult Education</span>
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<span>SITES-1602</span>
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<span>1660 Full width</span>
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<span>SITES-1723: attempt replicate</span>
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<span>SITES-1675</span>
</a>
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<span>Embedded Video</span>
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<span>Untitled</span>
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<span>SITES-2098</span>
</a>
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<span>SITECONTROL-67</span>
</a>
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<span>Untitled</span>
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<img src="https://w2.chabad.org/images/global/spacer.gif" width="5" height="10" alt="" border="0" class="arrow off" />
<span>SITES-2301</span>
</a>
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<a href="/templates/section_cdo/aid/3101935/jewish/Custom-Layout-wide.htm" class="child_item default" data-menu-level="3" data-aid="3101935"><span>Custom Layout (wide)</span></a>
<a href="/templates/section_cdo/aid/3101933/jewish/Custom-Layout-wide.htm" class="child_item default" data-menu-level="3" data-aid="3101933"><span>Custom Layout (wide)</span></a>
<a href="/templates/section_cdo/aid/3101928/jewish/Custom-Layout-wide.htm" class="child_item default" data-menu-level="3" data-aid="3101928"><span>Custom Layout (wide)</span></a>
<a href="/templates/section_cdo/aid/3101929/jewish/Custom-Layout-wide.htm" class="child_item default" data-menu-level="3" data-aid="3101929"><span>Custom Layout (wide)</span></a>
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<a href="/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/3738082/jewish/SITES-1423.htm" class="child_item default" data-menu-level="3" data-aid="3738082"><span>SITES-1423</span></a>
<a href="/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/2761160/jewish/SITECONTROL-751.htm" class="child_item default" data-menu-level="3" data-aid="2761160"><span>SITECONTROL-751</span></a>
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<h1 class="article-header__title js-article-title js-page-title">Chronologie de l’histoire juive</h1>
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<li class="child_title"><a href="#q1">Création des Cieux et de la Terre, Adam et Ève</a></li>
<li class="child_title"><a href="#q2">Les Patriarches</a></li>
<li class="child_title"><a href="#q3">Séjour en Égypte</a></li>
<li class="child_title"><a href="#q4">Traversée du désert</a></li>
<li class="child_title"><a href="#q5">Les Juges et Premiers Prophètes</a></li>
<li class="child_title"><a href="#q6">Les Rois et le Premier Temple</a></li>
<li class="child_title"><a href="#q7">Exil à Babylone</a></li>
<li class="child_title"><a href="#q8">Construction du Second Temple</a></li>
<li class="child_title"><a href="#q9">Domination culturelle grecque</a></li>
<li class="child_title"><a href="#q10">Royaume de Judée: dynastie des ‘Hachmonaïm</a></li>
<li class="child_title"><a href="#q11">Rois et gouverneurs romains : la dynastie hérodienne</a></li>
<li class="child_title"><a href="#q12">L’ère talmudique: la Michna</a></li>
<li class="child_title"><a href="#q13">L’ère talmudique: la Guemara</a></li>
<li class="child_title"><a href="#q14">Les Rabbanan</a></li>
<li class="child_title"><a href="#q15">Les Gueonim</a></li>
<li class="child_title"><a href="#q16">Les premiers Richonim: les massacres des Croisades</a></li>
<li class="child_title"><a href="#q17">Richonim ultérieurs: persécutions et expulsions</a></li>
<li class="child_title"><a href="#q18">Les grands érudits du Choul’hane Aroukh et la consolidation de la Torah</a></li>
<li class="child_title"><a href="#q19">Les premiers A’haronim et massacres en Europe de l’Est</a></li>
<li class="child_title"><a href="#q20">A’haronim et débuts du ‘Hassidisme</a></li>
<li class="child_title"><a href="#q21">A’haronim ultérieurs et transformations de la société</a></li>
<li class="child_title"><a href="#q22">La Shoah</a></li>
<li class="child_title"><a href="#q23">L’État d’Israël moderne</a></li>
</ul>
<hr width="50%" noshade size="2" align="center">
<br>
<p class="child_title"><a name="q1" id="q1"><b>Création des Cieux et de la Terre, Adam et Ève</b></a></p>
<table class="tablegrid">
<tr class="headerrow">
<td>Année civile</td>
<td>Année juive</td>
<td align="center">Événement historique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-3760</td>
<td>1</td>
<td align="center">Création du monde ; naissance d’<span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36403">Adam</span> et Ève (‘Hava)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-3631</td>
<td>130</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de Cheth (fils d’Adam)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-3526</td>
<td>235</td>
<td align="center">Naissance d’Énoch (fils de Chèt)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-3436</td>
<td>325</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de Keinan (fils d’Énoch)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-3366</td>
<td>395</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de Mahalalel (fils de Keinan)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-3301</td>
<td>460</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de Yéred (fils de Mahalalel)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-3139</td>
<td>622</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de ‘Hanokh (fils de Yèred)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-3074</td>
<td>687</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de Métouchéla’h (fils de ‘Hanokh)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-2887</td>
<td>874</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de Lémekh II (fils de Métouchéla’h)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-2831</td>
<td>930</td>
<td align="center">Mort d’Adam</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-2705</td>
<td>1056</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de Noa’h (fils de Lémekh II)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-2225</td>
<td>1536</td>
<td align="center">Début de la construction de l’arche par Noa’h</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-2205</td>
<td>1556</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de Yafèt (fils de Noa’h)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-2204</td>
<td>1557</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de ‘Ham (fils de Noa’h)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-2203</td>
<td>1558</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de Chem (fils de Noa’h)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-2105</td>
<td>1656</td>
<td align="center">Mort de Métouchéla’h</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-2105</td>
<td>1656</td>
<td align="center">Le grand déluge recouvre la terre</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-2103</td>
<td>1658</td>
<td align="center">Naissance d’Arpakhchad (fils de Chem)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-2068</td>
<td>1693</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de Chélakh (fils d’Arpakhchad)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-2038</td>
<td>1723</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de Évèr (fils de Chélakh)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-2004</td>
<td>1757</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de Péleg (fils de Évèr)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1974</td>
<td>1787</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de Ré’ou (fils de Péleg)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1942</td>
<td>1819</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de Seroug (fils de Ré’ou)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1912</td>
<td>1849</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de Na’hor I (fils de Seroug)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1883</td>
<td>1878</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de Téra’h (fils de Na’hor I)</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="child_title"><a name="q2" id="q2"><b>Les Patriarches</b></a></p>
<table class="tablegrid">
<tr class="headerrow">
<td>Année civile</td>
<td>Année juive</td>
<td align="center">Événement historique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1813</td>
<td>1948</td>
<td align="center">Naissance d’<span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="32371">Avraham</span> (fils de Téra’h)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1803</td>
<td>1958</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35532">Sarah</span> (fille de <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34852">Haran</span>)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1788</td>
<td>1973</td>
<td align="center">Mariage d’Avraham et Sarah</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1765</td>
<td>1996</td>
<td align="center">Dispersion depuis Babel après la construction de la tour</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1761</td>
<td>2000</td>
<td align="center">Téra’h quitte Our Kasdim avec sa famille</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1755</td>
<td>2006</td>
<td align="center">Mort de Noa’h</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1743</td>
<td>2018</td>
<td align="center">Alliance (<span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35995">Brit</span> Beïn Habetarim) conclue avec Avraham</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1738</td>
<td>2023</td>
<td align="center">Avraham s’établit en <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33843">Canaan</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1727</td>
<td>2034</td>
<td align="center">Naissance d’Ichmaël (fils d’Avraham)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1713</td>
<td>2048</td>
<td align="center">Avraham se circoncit ainsi qu’Ichmaël</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1713</td>
<td>2048</td>
<td align="center">Destruction de Sodome et Gomorrhe</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1713</td>
<td>2048</td>
<td align="center">Naissance d’Its’hak (fils d’Avraham)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1677</td>
<td>2084</td>
<td align="center">La Akéda : Its’hak est offert sur l’autel par Avraham</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1677</td>
<td>2084</td>
<td align="center">Mort de Sarah</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1653</td>
<td>2108</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34197">Yaakov</span> et Ésaü</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1638</td>
<td>2123</td>
<td align="center">Mort d’Avraham</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1603</td>
<td>2158</td>
<td align="center">Mort de Chem (fils de Noa’h)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1590</td>
<td>2171</td>
<td align="center">Its’hak bénit Yaakov au lieu d’Ésaü</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1576</td>
<td>2185</td>
<td align="center">Yaakov se rend à ‘<a href="/parshah/article_cdo/aid/3861271/jewish/Making-the-World-Into-a-Home-for-G-d.htm" title="Making the World Into a Home for G-d">Haran</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1574</td>
<td>2187</td>
<td align="center">Mort d’Évèr (arrière-petit-fils de Chem)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1569</td>
<td>2192</td>
<td align="center">Yaakov épouse Léa et Ra’hel</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1566</td>
<td>2195</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de Lévi (fils de Yaakov et Léa)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1562</td>
<td>2199</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de Yossef (fils de Yaakov et Ra’hel)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1556</td>
<td>2205</td>
<td align="center">Yaakov quitte ‘<span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35684">Haran</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1553</td>
<td>2208</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de Biniamin</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1545</td>
<td>2216</td>
<td align="center">Yossef est vendu</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1533</td>
<td>2228</td>
<td align="center">Mort d’Its’hak</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1532</td>
<td>2229</td>
<td align="center">Yossef devient vice-roi d’Égypte</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1526</td>
<td>2235</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de Kéhat (fils de Lévi)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1523</td>
<td>2238</td>
<td align="center">Yaakov (et sa famille) descendent en Égypte</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="child_title"><a name="q3" id="q3"><b>Séjour en Égypte</b></a></p>
<table class="tablegrid">
<tr class="headerrow">
<td>Année civile</td>
<td>Année juive</td>
<td align="center">Événement historique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1506</td>
<td>2255</td>
<td align="center">Mort de Yaakov</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1429</td>
<td>2332</td>
<td align="center">Après la mort de Lévi, l’asservissement en Égypte commence</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1393</td>
<td>2368</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de Moché</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1355</td>
<td>2406</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de Yéhochoua</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1314</td>
<td>2447</td>
<td align="center">Moché et le buisson ardent</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1313</td>
<td>2448</td>
<td align="center">Sortie d’Égypte par la nation juive</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="child_title"><a name="q4" id="q4"><b>Traversée du désert</b></a></p>
<table class="tablegrid">
<tr class="headerrow">
<td>Année civile</td>
<td>Année juive</td>
<td align="center">Événement historique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1313</td>
<td>2448</td>
<td align="center">La nation juive traverse la mer des Joncs</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1313</td>
<td>2448</td>
<td align="center">Révélation au mont Sinaï et don de la <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35041">Torah</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1313</td>
<td>2448</td>
<td align="center">Moché brise les Tables</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1312</td>
<td>2449</td>
<td align="center">Moché redescend avec les secondes Tables</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1312</td>
<td>2449</td>
<td align="center">Érection du Michkane (<span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="29674">Tabernacle</span>)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1312</td>
<td>2449</td>
<td align="center">Les explorateurs reviennent de <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34487">Canaan</span> avec un mauvais rapport</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1274</td>
<td>2487</td>
<td align="center">Mort d’<span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33702">Aharon</span> et Myriam</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1273</td>
<td>2488</td>
<td align="center">Mort de Moché</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="child_title"><a name="q5" id="q5"><b>Les Juges et Premiers Prophètes</b></a></p>
<table class="tablegrid">
<tr class="headerrow">
<td>Année civile</td>
<td>Année juive</td>
<td align="center">Événement historique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1273</td>
<td>2488</td>
<td align="center">Les Juifs traversent le Jourdain pour entrer en <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/588018/jewish/Israel.htm" title="Israel">Canaan</a></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1258</td>
<td>2503</td>
<td align="center">Fin du partage du pays d’Israël</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1245</td>
<td>2516</td>
<td align="center">Mort de Yéhochoua</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1228</td>
<td>2533</td>
<td align="center">Début de l’époque des Juges avec <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33116">Othniel</span> <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36753">ben</span> Kénaz</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1188</td>
<td>2573</td>
<td align="center">Ehoud ben Guéra devient dirigeant</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1107</td>
<td>2654</td>
<td align="center">Mort de Chamgar ben Anat</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1107</td>
<td>2654</td>
<td align="center">Débora devient dirigeante</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1067</td>
<td>2694</td>
<td align="center">Guideon devient dirigeant</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1027</td>
<td>2734</td>
<td align="center">Avimélèkh (fils de Guideon) devient dirigeant</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-1024</td>
<td>2737</td>
<td align="center">Tola, fils de Poua, devient dirigeant</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-1003</td>
<td>2758</td>
<td align="center">Yaïr le Guiladi devient dirigeant</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-982</td>
<td>2779</td>
<td align="center">Yifta’h (HaGuiladi) devient dirigeant</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-969</td>
<td>2792</td>
<td align="center">Élon (HaZevouloni) devient dirigeant</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-959</td>
<td>2802</td>
<td align="center">Avdon ben <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33936">Hillel</span> devient dirigeant</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-951</td>
<td>2810</td>
<td align="center">Chimchon devient dirigeant</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-931</td>
<td>2830</td>
<td align="center">Éli le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35096">Kohen</span> devient dirigeant</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-907</td>
<td>2854</td>
<td align="center">Naissance de <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35561">David</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-890</td>
<td>2871</td>
<td align="center">Chmouel devient dirigeant</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="child_title"><a name="q6" id="q6"><b>Les Rois et le Premier Temple</b></a></p>
<table class="tablegrid">
<tr class="headerrow">
<td>Année civile</td>
<td>Année juive</td>
<td align="center">Événement historique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-879</td>
<td>2882</td>
<td align="center">Chaoul est désigné roi</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-877</td>
<td>2884</td>
<td align="center">David devient roi de Yéhouda à ‘Hévron</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-869</td>
<td>2892</td>
<td align="center">David règne sur tout Israël à Yérouchalaïm</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-837</td>
<td>2924</td>
<td align="center">Chlomo (Salomon) devient roi</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-833</td>
<td>2928</td>
<td align="center">Début de la construction du Premier <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35783">Beth</span> Hamikdach</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-827</td>
<td>2935</td>
<td align="center">Achèvement du Premier Beth Hamikdach</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-797</td>
<td>2964</td>
<td align="center">Mort de Chlomo ; division du royaume</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-797</td>
<td>2964</td>
<td align="center">Ré’havam (fils de Chlomo) devient roi de Yéhouda</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-797</td>
<td>2964</td>
<td align="center">Yéroboam ben Névat règne sur Israël</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-718</td>
<td>3043</td>
<td align="center">Éliya se transporte dans un chariot de feu</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-677</td>
<td>3084</td>
<td align="center">Yoach rénove le Beth Hamikdach</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-619</td>
<td>3142</td>
<td align="center">Début des prophéties de Yéchaya (Isaïe)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-574</td>
<td>3187</td>
<td align="center">Exil des deux premières Tribus</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-566</td>
<td>3195</td>
<td align="center">Exil de deux autres Tribus</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-562</td>
<td>3199</td>
<td align="center">‘Hizkiyah (Ézéchias) devient roi de Yéhouda</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-556</td>
<td>3205</td>
<td align="center">Exil des dernières Tribus (perdues)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-548</td>
<td>3213</td>
<td align="center">San’hériv envahit Yéhouda puis se retire</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-533</td>
<td>3228</td>
<td align="center">Ménaché (fils de ‘Hizkiyah) règne sur Yéhouda</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-463</td>
<td>3298</td>
<td align="center">Début des prophéties de Yirméyah (Jérémie)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-458</td>
<td>3303</td>
<td align="center">Yoshiahou rénove le Beth Hamikdach</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-442</td>
<td>3319</td>
<td align="center">Conquête de Yérouchalaïm et exil de Yéhoïakim</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-440</td>
<td>3321</td>
<td align="center">Yéhoïakim brûle le Livre des Lamentations rédigé par Yirméyah</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-434</td>
<td>3327</td>
<td align="center">Nouvelle conquête de Yérouchalaïm, exil de Yéhoïakhin</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-430</td>
<td>3331</td>
<td align="center">Yirméyah persiste à prophétiser la destruction</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-429</td>
<td>3332</td>
<td align="center">Yé’hezkel (Ézéchiel) prophétise en exil</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-425</td>
<td>3336</td>
<td align="center">Dernier siège babylonien sur Yérouchalaïm</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-423</td>
<td>3338</td>
<td align="center">Brèche dans les murailles de Yérouchalaïm</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-423</td>
<td>3338</td>
<td align="center">Arrêt des sacrifices au Beth Hamikdach</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-423</td>
<td>3338</td>
<td align="center">Destruction du Premier Beth Hamikdach</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="child_title"><a name="q7" id="q7"><b>Exil à Babylone</b></a></p>
<table class="tablegrid">
<tr class="headerrow">
<td>Année civile</td>
<td>Année juive</td>
<td align="center">Événement historique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-423</td>
<td>3339</td>
<td align="center">Guédaliahou ben A’hikam est assassiné</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-421</td>
<td>3340</td>
<td align="center"><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34073">Daniel</span> interpréte le rêve de Nevou’hadnetsar</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-410</td>
<td>3352</td>
<td align="center">Yé’hezkel prophétise la reconstruction future du Beth Hamikdach</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-372</td>
<td>3389</td>
<td align="center">Daniel lit l’inscription sur le mur</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-372</td>
<td>3389</td>
<td align="center">Daniel est jeté dans la fosse aux lions</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-371</td>
<td>3390</td>
<td align="center">Zeroubavel mène le retour vers la Terre d’Israël</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-370</td>
<td>3391</td>
<td align="center">Début (puis arrêt) de la construction du Second Beth Hamikdach</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-366</td>
<td>3395</td>
<td align="center">Le grand festin d’A’hachvéroch II</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-362</td>
<td>3399</td>
<td align="center"><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34190">Esther</span> est amenée au palais</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-357</td>
<td>3404</td>
<td align="center">Esther agit contre le décret d’<span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35421">Haman</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-355</td>
<td>3406</td>
<td align="center">Mordekhaï institue la fête de Pourim</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-353</td>
<td>3408</td>
<td align="center">Reprise de la construction du Second Beth Hamikdach</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-349</td>
<td>3412</td>
<td align="center">Achèvement du Second Beth Hamikdach</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="child_title"><a name="q8" id="q8"><b>Construction du Second Temple</b></a></p>
<table class="tablegrid">
<tr class="headerrow">
<td>Année civile</td>
<td>Année juive</td>
<td align="center">Événement historique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-348</td>
<td>3413</td>
<td align="center"><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36210">Ezra</span> mena le deuxième retour vers la Terre d’Israël</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-335</td>
<td>3426</td>
<td align="center">Né’hemia revint pour rebâtir les murailles de Yérouchalaïm</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-313</td>
<td>3448</td>
<td align="center">Mort d’Ezra</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-313</td>
<td>3448</td>
<td align="center">Chimon le Tsaddik rencontre Alexandre le Grand</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-313</td>
<td>3449</td>
<td align="center">Début du <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34216">Minyan</span> Chtarot</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="child_title"><a name="q9" id="q9"><b>Domination culturelle grecque</b></a></p>
<table class="tablegrid">
<tr class="headerrow">
<td>Année civile</td>
<td>Année juive</td>
<td align="center">Événement historique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-273</td>
<td>3488</td>
<td align="center">Mort de Chimon le Tsaddik</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-246</td>
<td>3515</td>
<td align="center">Traduction de la <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1426382/jewish/Torah.htm" title="What Is the Torah?">Torah</a> en grec (Septante) par 72 Sages</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-140</td>
<td>3621</td>
<td align="center">Révolte de Matityahou le ‘Hachmonaï</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="child_title"><a name="q10" id="q10"><b>Royaume de Judée : Dynastie des ‘Hachmonaïm</b></a></p>
<table class="tablegrid">
<tr class="headerrow">
<td>Année civile</td>
<td>Année juive</td>
<td align="center">Événement historique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-139</td>
<td>3622</td>
<td align="center">Yehouda le Macchabée (fils de Matityahou) dirige</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-139</td>
<td>3622</td>
<td align="center">Réinauguration du Second Beth Hamikdach</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-138</td>
<td>3623</td>
<td align="center">‘Hanouka est proclamée fête</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-133</td>
<td>3628</td>
<td align="center">Mort de Yehouda le Macchabée au combat</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-133</td>
<td>3628</td>
<td align="center"><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33355">Yonatan</span> (fils de Matityahou) dirige</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-127</td>
<td>3634</td>
<td align="center">Chimon (fils de Matityahou) dirige</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-119</td>
<td>3642</td>
<td align="center">Yo’hanan Hyrcan (fils de Chimon) dirige</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-93</td>
<td>3668</td>
<td align="center">Yehouda Aristoboulos (fils de Yo’hanan Hyrcan) dirige</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-91</td>
<td>3670</td>
<td align="center">Alexandre Yanaï (fils de Yo’hanan Hyrcan) dirige</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-73</td>
<td>3688</td>
<td align="center">La reine Chlomtsion (Salomé Alexandra, épouse d’Alexandre Yanaï) règne</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-65</td>
<td>3696</td>
<td align="center">Aristoboulos II (fils d’Alexandre Yanaï) dirige</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-61</td>
<td>3700</td>
<td align="center">Les Romains prirent le contrôle de la Judée</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-61</td>
<td>3700</td>
<td align="center">Hyrcan II (fils d’Alexandre Yanaï) dirige</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-40</td>
<td>3721</td>
<td align="center">Antigonus (fils d’Aristoboulos II) dirige</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="child_title"><a name="q11" id="q11"><b>Rois et gouverneurs romains : la dynastie hérodienne</b></a></p>
<table class="tablegrid">
<tr class="headerrow">
<td>Année civile</td>
<td>Année juive</td>
<td align="center">Événement historique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-36</td>
<td>3725</td>
<td align="center">Hérode Ier (<span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34339">Hordos</span>) règne, anéantit la lignée des ‘Hachmonaïm</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-33</td>
<td>3728</td>
<td align="center">Hillel (l’Ancien) devient le chef des Sages de la Torah</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">-19</td>
<td>3742</td>
<td align="center">Hérode Ier entame la reconstruction du Second Beth Hamikdach</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">-11</td>
<td>3750</td>
<td align="center">Fin de la rénovation du Second Beth Hamikdach</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1</td>
<td>3761</td>
<td align="center">Archélaos (fils d’Hérode Ier) règne</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">8</td>
<td>3768</td>
<td align="center">Mort de Hillel (l’Ancien)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">10</td>
<td>3770</td>
<td align="center">Archélaos est déposé par l’empereur romain</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">21</td>
<td>3781</td>
<td align="center">Agrippa Ier (petit-fils d’Hérode) règne</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">28</td>
<td>3788</td>
<td align="center">Le Sanhédrine quitte le Second Beth Hamikdach</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">44</td>
<td>3804</td>
<td align="center">Agrippa II (fils d’Agrippa Ier) règne</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">50</td>
<td>3810</td>
<td align="center">Mort de Rabban Gamliel I (fils de Chimon), petit-fils de Hillel</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">66</td>
<td>3826</td>
<td align="center">Vespasien arrive en Judée pour réaffirmer l’autorité romaine</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">69</td>
<td>3829</td>
<td align="center">Destruction du Second Beth Hamikdach</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="child_title"><a name="q12" id="q12"><b>L’ère talmudique : la Michna</b></a></p>
<table class="tablegrid">
<tr class="headerrow">
<td>Année civile</td>
<td>Année juive</td>
<td align="center">Événement historique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">74</td>
<td>3834</td>
<td align="center">Mort de Rabbi Yo‘hanan ben Zakkaï</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">86</td>
<td>3846</td>
<td align="center">Le Sanhédrine se déplace d’un lieu à l’autre sous la direction de Rabbi Gamliel II</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">133</td>
<td>3893</td>
<td align="center">Chute de Betar, fin tragique de la révolte de Bar Kokhba</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">134</td>
<td>3894</td>
<td align="center">Interdiction du judaïsme, <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="28773">Rabbi Akiva</span> est emprisonné</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">189</td>
<td>3949</td>
<td align="center">R. Yehouda Hanassi acheva la Michna vers cette époque</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="child_title"><a name="q13" id="q13"><b>L’ère talmudique : la Guemara</b></a></p>
<table class="tablegrid">
<tr class="headerrow">
<td>Année civile</td>
<td>Année juive</td>
<td align="center">Événement historique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">219</td>
<td>3979</td>
<td align="center"><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36650">Rav</span> quitte la Terre d’Israël et s’établit en Babylonie</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">247</td>
<td>4007</td>
<td align="center">Chmouel est l’autorité talmudique en Babylonie</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">254</td>
<td>4014</td>
<td align="center">Rabbi Yo‘hanan est l’autorité talmudique majeure</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">290</td>
<td>4050</td>
<td align="center">R. Houna est l’autorité talmudique majeure</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">298</td>
<td>4058</td>
<td align="center">R. Yéhoudah est l’autorité talmudique majeure</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">300</td>
<td>4060</td>
<td align="center">R. ‘Hisda est l’autorité talmudique majeure</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">309</td>
<td>4069</td>
<td align="center">Rabba est l’autorité talmudique majeure</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">321</td>
<td>4081</td>
<td align="center">R. Yossef est l’autorité talmudique majeure</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">325</td>
<td>4085</td>
<td align="center">Abayé est l’autorité talmudique majeure</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">338</td>
<td>4098</td>
<td align="center"><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36055">Rava</span> est l’autorité talmudique majeure</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">359</td>
<td>4119</td>
<td align="center">Hillel II (qui établit le calendrier) devient <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34858">Nassi</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">392</td>
<td>4152</td>
<td align="center">R. Achi est l’autorité talmudique majeure</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">427</td>
<td>4187</td>
<td align="center">Mort de R. Achi après la compilation de la Guemara</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">475</td>
<td>4235</td>
<td align="center">Le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33678">Talmud</span> est complété à la mort de <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="31066">Ravina II</span></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="child_title"><a name="q14" id="q14"><b>Les Rabbanan</b></a></p>
<table class="tablegrid">
<tr class="headerrow">
<td>Année civile</td>
<td>Année juive</td>
<td align="center">Événement historique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">551</td>
<td>4311</td>
<td align="center">Mar Zoutra proclame l’autonomie juive en Babylonie</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="child_title"><a name="q15" id="q15"><b>Les Gueonim</b></a></p>
<table class="tablegrid">
<tr class="headerrow">
<td>Année civile</td>
<td>Année juive</td>
<td align="center">Événement historique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">589</td>
<td>4349</td>
<td align="center">Restauration de l’académie talmudique de Poumpédita</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">609</td>
<td>4369</td>
<td align="center">Restauration de l’académie talmudique de Soura</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">614</td>
<td>4374</td>
<td align="center">Conquête de la Terre d’Israël par les Perses</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">614</td>
<td>4374</td>
<td align="center">Les Juifs peuvent retourner à Yérouchalaïm</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">629</td>
<td>4389</td>
<td align="center">Reconquête de la Terre d’Israël par l’Empire byzantin</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">636</td>
<td>4396</td>
<td align="center">R. Its’hak, dernier <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35818">gaon</span> de Nehardéa, meurt</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">637</td>
<td>4397</td>
<td align="center">Les Arabes conquièrent la Terre d’Israël</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">645</td>
<td>4405</td>
<td align="center">Une Takana des Gueonim est instaurée à cette époque</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">755</td>
<td>4515</td>
<td align="center">R. A’haï Gaon quitta l’Irak pour la Terre d’Israël</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">759</td>
<td>4519</td>
<td align="center">R. Yehouda devient gaon de Soura</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">759</td>
<td>4519</td>
<td align="center">Les Halakhot Guedolot (Ba‘Hag) sont rédigées à cette période</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">788</td>
<td>4548</td>
<td align="center">Une autre Takana des Gueonim est instaurée à cette époque</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">858</td>
<td>4618</td>
<td align="center">R. <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35336">Amram</span> (auteur du Siddour) devient gaon de Soura</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">928</td>
<td>4688</td>
<td align="center">Rabbénou Saadya est nommé gaon de Soura</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">955</td>
<td>4715</td>
<td align="center">« Les Quatre Captifs » sont rachetés à cette époque</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">968</td>
<td>4728</td>
<td align="center">R. Chérira devient gaon de Poumpédita</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">997</td>
<td>4757</td>
<td align="center">R. Haï (futur dernier gaon de Poumpédita) entre en fonction</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1038</td>
<td>4798</td>
<td align="center">Mort de R. Haï, déclin des académies babyloniennes</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="child_title"><a name="q16" id="q16"><b>Les premiers Richonim : les massacres des Croisades</b></a></p>
<table class="tablegrid">
<tr class="headerrow">
<td>Année civile</td>
<td>Année juive</td>
<td align="center">Événement historique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1040</td>
<td>4800</td>
<td align="center">Mort de Rabbénou Guerchom Méor Hagola</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1088</td>
<td>4848</td>
<td align="center">Le Rif arrive en Espagne depuis le Maroc</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1096</td>
<td>4856</td>
<td align="center">Les Croisés détruisent les communautés juives</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1099</td>
<td>4859</td>
<td align="center">Yérouchalaïm est capturée par les Croisés</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1103</td>
<td>4863</td>
<td align="center">Mort du Rif</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1105</td>
<td>4865</td>
<td align="center">Mort de Rachi ; début de l’époque des Tossafistes</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1135</td>
<td>4895</td>
<td align="center">Naissance du <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34491">Rambam</span> (Maïmonide)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1144</td>
<td>4904</td>
<td align="center">Premier cas documenté d’accusation de meurtre rituel (libellé du sang)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1147</td>
<td>4907</td>
<td align="center">Attaques des Croisés contre les communautés juives</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1147</td>
<td>4907</td>
<td align="center">Rabbénou Tam est capturé par les Croisés</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1148</td>
<td>4908</td>
<td align="center">Les familles du <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/889836/jewish/Maimonides-The-Rambam.htm" title="Maimonides: The Rambam">Rambam</a> et du <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34862">Radak</span> quittent Cordoue</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1165</td>
<td>4925</td>
<td align="center">Le Rambam visite la Terre d’Israël</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1171</td>
<td>4931</td>
<td align="center">Mort de Rabbénou Tam</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1175</td>
<td>4935</td>
<td align="center">Mort du Rachbam</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1184</td>
<td>4944</td>
<td align="center">Le fils du Ri est tué</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1187</td>
<td>4948</td>
<td align="center">Les Juifs peuvent retourner à Yérouchalaïm</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1189</td>
<td>4949</td>
<td align="center">R. Yaakov d’Orléans est assassiné à Londres</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1190</td>
<td>4950</td>
<td align="center">Massacre des Juifs en Angleterre (troisième Croisade)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1191</td>
<td>4951</td>
<td align="center">Rabbi David Kim’hi (<a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/2617023/jewish/Major-Rishonim-of-Provence.htm" title="Major &lt;i>Rishonim&lt;/i> of Provence">Radak</a>) écrivit son commentaire</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1194</td>
<td>4954</td>
<td align="center">Naissance du <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33714">Ramban</span> (Na’hmanide)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1198</td>
<td>4959</td>
<td align="center">Mort du <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34492">Raavad</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1204</td>
<td>4965</td>
<td align="center">Mort du Rambam</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1236</td>
<td>4996</td>
<td align="center">Des foules déchaînées massacrent des Juifs en France</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1242</td>
<td>5002</td>
<td align="center">Immense autodafé du <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/2537389/jewish/Talmud.htm" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> à Paris</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1244</td>
<td>5004</td>
<td align="center">Yérouchalaïm est saccagée par les Égyptiens et Turcs</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1252</td>
<td>5012</td>
<td align="center">L’Inquisition recourt à la torture</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1267</td>
<td>5027</td>
<td align="center">Le <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/111857/jewish/Ramban.htm" title="Ramban (Rabbi Moses ben Nachman - &quot;Nachmanides&quot;)">Ramban</a> quitte l’Espagne et s’installe en Terre d’Israël</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1270</td>
<td>5030</td>
<td align="center">Mort du Ramban</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1286</td>
<td>5046</td>
<td align="center">Emprisonnement du Maharam de Rothenburg</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1290</td>
<td>5050</td>
<td align="center">Nouvelles avancées dans l’étude de la Kabbale</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1290</td>
<td>5050</td>
<td align="center">Fin de l’époque des Tossafot vers cette période</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="child_title"><a name="q17" id="q17"><b>Richonim ultérieurs : persécutions et expulsions</b></a></p>
<table class="tablegrid">
<tr class="headerrow">
<td>Année civile</td>
<td>Année juive</td>
<td align="center">Événement historique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1290</td>
<td>5050</td>
<td align="center">Expulsion de tous les Juifs d’Angleterre</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1293</td>
<td>5053</td>
<td align="center">Mort du Maharam de Rothenburg en prison</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1298</td>
<td>5058</td>
<td align="center">Début des massacres de Rindfleisch</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1298</td>
<td>5058</td>
<td align="center">Assassinat des auteurs du Mordekhaï et ‘Hagahot Maïmoniyot</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1305</td>
<td>5065</td>
<td align="center">Le Rachba impose une limitation à l’étude de la philosophie</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1305</td>
<td>5065</td>
<td align="center">Le Roch et son fils, le Tour, arrivent en Espagne</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1306</td>
<td>5066</td>
<td align="center">Expulsion de tous les Juifs de France</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1310</td>
<td>5070</td>
<td align="center">Mort du Rachba</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1320</td>
<td>5080</td>
<td align="center">Massacre de Juifs par les Pastoureaux</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1327</td>
<td>5088</td>
<td align="center">Mort du Roch</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1336</td>
<td>5096</td>
<td align="center">Massacres de Juifs d’Allemagne par les Armleder</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1338</td>
<td>5098</td>
<td align="center">Le Ralbag rédige son commentaire biblique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1349</td>
<td>5109</td>
<td align="center">Les massacres de la peste noire balayent l’Europe</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1367</td>
<td>5127</td>
<td align="center">Le Ran, le Rivach et d’autres sont emprisonnés en Espagne</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1391</td>
<td>5151</td>
<td align="center">Massacre des Juifs d’Espagne ; beaucoup sont forcés à se convertir</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1391</td>
<td>5151</td>
<td align="center">Le Rivach et le Rachbats quittent l’Espagne</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1394</td>
<td>5155</td>
<td align="center">Expulsion finale des Juifs de France</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1413</td>
<td>5173</td>
<td align="center">Débat forcé contre des chrétiens pour R. Yossef Albo</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1421</td>
<td>5181</td>
<td align="center">Massacre des Juifs en Autriche (Wiener Gzera)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1475</td>
<td>5235</td>
<td align="center">Invention de l’imprimerie mise au service des livres juifs</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1481</td>
<td>5241</td>
<td align="center">Institution de l’Inquisition en Espagne</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1488</td>
<td>5248</td>
<td align="center">R. Ovadia de Bertinoro s’installe à Yérouchalaïm</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1491</td>
<td>5251</td>
<td align="center">Christophe Colomb consulte R. Avraham Zakout pour ses voyages</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1492</td>
<td>5252</td>
<td align="center">Expulsion de tous les Juifs d’Espagne et de Sicile</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="child_title"><a name="q18" id="q18"><b>Les grands érudits du Choul’hane Aroukh et la consolidation de la Torah</b></a></p>
<table class="tablegrid">
<tr class="headerrow">
<td>Année civile</td>
<td>Année juive</td>
<td align="center">Événement historique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1493</td>
<td>5253</td>
<td align="center">R. Its’hak <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="30632">Abravanel</span> arrive à Naples depuis l’Espagne</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1496</td>
<td>5257</td>
<td align="center">Expulsion de tous les Juifs du Portugal</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1516</td>
<td>5276</td>
<td class="center">Impression du Eïn Yaakov</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1516</td>
<td>5276</td>
<td align="center">Les Ottomans conquièrent Erets Israël</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1525</td>
<td>5285</td>
<td align="center">R. Yossef Yoselman sauva de nombreux Juifs lors de la guerre des Paysans</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1553</td>
<td>5314</td>
<td align="center">Autodafé massif de livres juifs à Rome</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1563</td>
<td>5323</td>
<td align="center">Achèvement du Choul’hane Aroukh par R. Yossef Karo</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1570</td>
<td>5330</td>
<td align="center">Publication du Choul’hane Aroukh avec les compléments du <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35807">Rama</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1572</td>
<td>5332</td>
<td align="center">Mort du Ari <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36925">zal</span> à Tsfat</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1573</td>
<td>5333</td>
<td align="center">Le Maharal arrive à Prague</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1573</td>
<td>5334</td>
<td align="center">Mort du Maharchal</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1575</td>
<td>5335</td>
<td align="center">Mort de R. Yossef Karo à Tsfat</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1599</td>
<td>5359</td>
<td align="center">Retour du Maharal à Prague</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1614</td>
<td>5374</td>
<td align="center">Le Maharcha devient rabbin à Lublin</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1616</td>
<td>5377</td>
<td align="center">Fin de la rédaction des Tossafot <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="32998">Yom Tov</span></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1621</td>
<td>5382</td>
<td align="center">Le Chelah arrive en Terre d’Israël</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1629</td>
<td>5389</td>
<td align="center">R. <a href="/holidays/default_cdo/jewish/Jewish-Holidays.htm" title="Jewish Holidays and Festivals">Yom Tov</a> Lipman Heller est emprisonné à Prague</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1640</td>
<td>5400</td>
<td align="center">Mort de R. <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36044">Yoel</span> Sirkes, le Ba’h</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1646</td>
<td>5406</td>
<td align="center">Impression du Chakh et du Taz (commentaires sur Choul’hane Aroukh)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1648</td>
<td>5408</td>
<td align="center">Massacres de Chmielnicki contre les Juifs</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="child_title"><a name="q19" id="q19"><b>Les premiers A’haronim et massacres en Europe de l’Est</b></a></p>
<table class="tablegrid">
<tr class="headerrow">
<td>Année civile</td>
<td>Année juive</td>
<td align="center">Événement historique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1654</td>
<td>5414</td>
<td align="center">Premiers Juifs installés à New Amsterdam (New York)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1655</td>
<td>5415</td>
<td align="center">Nombreux Juifs tués pendant les invasions russe et suédoise en Pologne</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1656</td>
<td>5416</td>
<td align="center">Réadmission des Juifs en Angleterre</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1656</td>
<td>5416</td>
<td align="center">Hérem (excommunication) de Baroukh Spinoza</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1673</td>
<td>5433</td>
<td align="center">Achèvement du Maguen Avraham (sur Choul’hane Aroukh)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1676</td>
<td>5437</td>
<td align="center">Mort de Chabtaï Tsvi en tant que musulman</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1689</td>
<td>5449</td>
<td align="center">Impression du Beth Chmouel (sur Choul’hane Aroukh)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1698</td>
<td>5458</td>
<td align="center">Naissance du Baal Chem Tov</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1702</td>
<td>5463</td>
<td align="center">La famille du Pné Yéhochoua décimée lors d’une explosion</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1712</td>
<td>5472</td>
<td align="center">Arrestation de l’auteur du Sifté ‘Hakhamim</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1724</td>
<td>5484</td>
<td align="center">R. Yaakov Kouli (Méam Loez) arrive à Constantinople</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1727</td>
<td>5487</td>
<td align="center">Mort de l’auteur du Michné LaMelekh</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1734</td>
<td>5494</td>
<td align="center">Massacres de Juifs par les bandes Haïdamack</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="child_title"><a name="q20" id="q20"><b>A’haronim et débuts du ‘Hassidisme</b></a></p>
<table class="tablegrid">
<tr class="headerrow">
<td>Année civile</td>
<td>Année juive</td>
<td align="center">Événement historique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1741</td>
<td>5501</td>
<td align="center">Le Or Ha’haïm arrive en Terre d’Israël</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1747</td>
<td>5507</td>
<td align="center">Mort de R. Moché ‘Haïm Luzatto (Ram’hal) à Akko</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1750</td>
<td>5510</td>
<td align="center">R. Yonatan Eybeschütz devient rabbin à Hambourg</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1754</td>
<td>5515</td>
<td align="center">R. Yé’hezkel Landau (Noda BiYehouda) devient rabbin à Prague</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1757</td>
<td>5518</td>
<td align="center">Les Frankistes déclenchèrent des autodafés du Talmud</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1759</td>
<td>5519</td>
<td align="center">Les Frankistes soutinrent des accusations de meurtre rituel lors d’un « débat »</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1760</td>
<td>5520</td>
<td align="center">Mort du Baal Chem Tov</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1764</td>
<td>5524</td>
<td align="center">Dissolution du Conseil des Quatre Pays (Vaad Arba Aratsot)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1768</td>
<td>5528</td>
<td align="center">Les Haïdamacks massacrèrent des milliers de Juifs</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1772</td>
<td>5532</td>
<td align="center">Mort du Maguid de Mézeritch</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1782</td>
<td>5542</td>
<td align="center">R. N. Adler et le ‘Hatam Sofer rendent visite au Noda BiYehouda</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1786</td>
<td>5546</td>
<td align="center">Mort de R. Élimelekh de Lizensk</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1791</td>
<td>5551</td>
<td align="center">Création de la Zone de Résidence en Russie</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1793</td>
<td>5553</td>
<td align="center">Les Juifs souffrirent pendant la Terreur de la Révolution française</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1797</td>
<td>5558</td>
<td align="center">Mort du Gaon de Vilna</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1798</td>
<td>5559</td>
<td align="center">Le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="28271">Baal Hatanya</span> est libéré de sa première incarcération</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1799</td>
<td>5559</td>
<td align="center">Napoléon mena une expédition en Terre d’Israël</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1806</td>
<td>5566</td>
<td align="center">Mort du ‘Hida (R. ‘Haïm Yossef David Azoulay)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1806</td>
<td>5566</td>
<td align="center">Le ‘Hatam Sofer devient rabbin à Pressbourg</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1809</td>
<td>5570</td>
<td align="center">Mort de R. Lévi Its’hak de Berditchev</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1810</td>
<td>5571</td>
<td align="center">Mort de R. Na’hman de Breslev</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1814</td>
<td>5574</td>
<td align="center">R. Akiva Eiger devient rabbin à Posen</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1814</td>
<td>5575</td>
<td align="center">Mort du Maguid de Koznitz et du Yehoudi de Pshiskha</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1815</td>
<td>5575</td>
<td align="center">Mort du ‘Hozé de Lublin et de R. Mendel de Rymanov</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1819</td>
<td>5579</td>
<td align="center">Violentes émeutes antijuives en Allemagne</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1827</td>
<td>5587</td>
<td align="center">La Russie commence la conscription des enfants juifs</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1840</td>
<td>5600</td>
<td align="center">R. Yisraël de Roujine est libéré de prison</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="child_title"><a name="q21" id="q21"><b>A’haronim ultérieurs et transformations de la société</b></a></p>
<table class="tablegrid">
<tr class="headerrow">
<td>Année civile</td>
<td>Année juive</td>
<td align="center">Événement historique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1843</td>
<td>5603</td>
<td align="center">Le Tséma’h Tsédek de Loubavitch est arrêté à maintes reprises en Russie</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1846</td>
<td>5606</td>
<td align="center">Sir <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35285">Moses</span> Montefiore visite la Russie pour aider les Juifs locaux</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1848</td>
<td>5609</td>
<td align="center">R. Yisraël Salanter quitte Vilna</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1851</td>
<td>5611</td>
<td align="center">R. <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="31354">Shimshon</span> Raphaël Hirsch devient rabbin à Francfort-sur-le-Main</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1859</td>
<td>5619</td>
<td align="center">Mort de R. Mena’hem Mendel de Kotzk</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1864</td>
<td>5624</td>
<td align="center">Le Malbim est emprisonné puis expulsé de Roumanie</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1866</td>
<td>5626</td>
<td align="center">Mort du ‘Hidouché HaRim, du Tiféret Chlomo et du Tséma’h Tsédek</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1873</td>
<td>5633</td>
<td align="center">Publication du ‘Hafets ‘Haïm</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1874</td>
<td>5634</td>
<td align="center">Mort de l’auteur du Min’hat ‘Hinoukh</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1878</td>
<td>5638</td>
<td align="center">Fondation de la colonie agricole Peta’h Tikva</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1881</td>
<td>5641</td>
<td align="center">Première grande vague d’émigration des Juifs de Russie (pogroms)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1886</td>
<td>5646</td>
<td align="center">Mort de R. Chlomo Ganzfried (auteur du Kitsour Choul’hane Aroukh)</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1892</td>
<td>5652</td>
<td align="center">R. ‘Haïm de Brisk devient rabbin à Brisk</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1905</td>
<td>5665</td>
<td align="center">Mort du Sefat Émet</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1905</td>
<td>5665</td>
<td align="center">De nombreux Juifs sont tués dans les pogroms officiels de Russie</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1911</td>
<td>5671</td>
<td align="center">Publication du ‘Hazon Ich</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1914</td>
<td>5674</td>
<td align="center">Plus de 500 000 soldats juifs participent à la Première Guerre mondiale</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1918</td>
<td>5678</td>
<td align="center">Plus de 60 000 Juifs sont tués durant la Révolution russe</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1923</td>
<td>5684</td>
<td align="center">Lancement du cycle d’étude du Daf Hayomi</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1927</td>
<td>5687</td>
<td align="center">Libération du sixième Rabbi de Loubavitch de la prison soviétique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1938</td>
<td>5699</td>
<td align="center">Attaques antijuives de la Nuit de Cristal (Kristallnacht) en Allemagne</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="child_title"><a name="q22" id="q22"><b>La Shoah</b></a></p>
<table class="tablegrid">
<tr class="headerrow">
<td>Année civile</td>
<td>Année juive</td>
<td align="center">Événement historique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1939</td>
<td>5699</td>
<td align="center">L’Allemagne déclenche la Seconde Guerre mondiale et le massacre des Juifs</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1941</td>
<td>5701</td>
<td align="center">L’Allemagne nazie envahit soudainement la Russie</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1941</td>
<td>5701</td>
<td align="center">200 000 Juifs sont assassinés à Babi Yar et Ponary</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1942</td>
<td>5702</td>
<td align="center">400 000 Juifs du ghetto de Varsovie sont envoyés aux camps d’extermination</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1943</td>
<td>5703</td>
<td align="center">Pertes immenses de l’Allemagne nazie à Stalingrad</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1943</td>
<td>5703</td>
<td align="center">Soulèvement du ghetto de Varsovie</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1943</td>
<td>5703</td>
<td align="center">Soulèvements juifs à Treblinka, Sobibor et Bialystok</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1943</td>
<td>5703</td>
<td align="center">Le peuple danois sauve discrètement 93 % de ses Juifs</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1944</td>
<td>5704</td>
<td align="center">300 000 Juifs hongrois sont massacrés en trois mois</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1944</td>
<td>5705</td>
<td align="center">Soulèvement au camp d’Auschwitz juste avant la libération</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1945</td>
<td>5705</td>
<td align="center">Chute de l’Allemagne nazie, fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1945</td>
<td>5705</td>
<td align="center">6 000 000 de Juifs assassinés par les nazis durant la guerre</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="child_title"><a name="q23" id="q23"><b>L’État d’Israël moderne</b></a></p>
<table class="tablegrid">
<tr class="headerrow">
<td>Année civile</td>
<td>Année juive</td>
<td align="center">Événement historique</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1947</td>
<td>5707</td>
<td align="center">Début de la publication de l’Encyclopédie du Talmud</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1947</td>
<td>5708</td>
<td align="center">L’ONU adopte un plan de partage pour Israël</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1947</td>
<td>5708</td>
<td align="center">Attaque des pays arabes pour conquérir des territoires</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1948</td>
<td>5708</td>
<td align="center">Proclamation de l’État d’Israël</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1948</td>
<td>5708</td>
<td align="center">Invasion d’Israël par plusieurs armées arabes</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1949</td>
<td>5709</td>
<td align="center">Fin de la « guerre d’Indépendance »</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1950</td>
<td>5710</td>
<td align="center">Évacuation totale de la communauté juive d’Irak</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1950</td>
<td>5710</td>
<td align="center">Immigration massive des Juifs du Yémen vers Israël</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1951</td>
<td>5711</td>
<td align="center">Le Rabbi de Loubavitch (7e) accepte officiellement la direction du mouvement</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1956</td>
<td>5717</td>
<td align="center">Forces israéliennes en Égypte, conquête du Sinaï</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1967</td>
<td>5727</td>
<td align="center">Le Rabbi de Loubavitch lance la campagne des Téfiline</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1967</td>
<td>5727</td>
<td align="center">Réunification de Yérouchalaïm lors de la Guerre des Six Jours</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1973</td>
<td>5734</td>
<td align="center">2 500 soldats juifs périrent durant la Guerre de Kippour</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1974</td>
<td>5734</td>
<td align="center">Le Rabbi de Loubavitch initie la campagne des bougies de Chabbat</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1982</td>
<td>5742</td>
<td align="center">Découverte d’immenses stocks d’armes ennemies au Liban</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1987</td>
<td>5746</td>
<td align="center">Premier congrès international des émissaires du Rabbi de Loubavitch</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">1993</td>
<td>5753</td>
<td align="center">Accords secrets signés à Oslo</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">1994</td>
<td>5754</td>
<td align="center">Disparition du Rabbi de Loubavitch</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row2">
<td class="bold">2008</td>
<td>5767</td>
<td align="center">Attentat meurtrier au Beth ‘Habad de Mumbai (Inde), six victimes</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row1">
<td class="bold">2020</td>
<td>5780</td>
<td align="center">Signature des Accords d’<span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="32980">Abraham</span>, normalisant les relations d’Israël avec les Émirats arabes unis, Bahreïn, puis le Soudan et le Maroc</td>
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if (typeof(glossary_items) == 'undefined') glossary_items={};glossary_items['g_28271']={word: 'Baal HaTanya', text: ['\"Author of the Tanya.\" Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi, 1745-1812, founder and first Rebbe of the Chabad branch of chassidism, known also as the \"Alter Rebbe,\" and as “the Rav”; lived in Li\'ozna and Liadi, White Russia; author of Tanya, a classic text of the chassidic tradition, and Shulchan Aruch HaRav, a code of Jewish law.'], article_count: [261], kid: [100],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/77049/jewish/The-Alter-Rebbe.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Alter Rebbe',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_28773']={word: 'Rabbi Akiva', text: ['(c. 50-c.135 CE) Among the greatest of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2701\">Mishnaic</a> sages. Unless otherwise stated, all Mishnayos are presumed to be in accordance with the Rabbi Akiva\'s view. He was the son of converts, and an unlearned shepherd. At the age of 40, at the insistence of his wife, he began studying <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1199\">Torah</a>, under <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2369\">Eliezer ben Hyrcanus</a>, <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10758\">Joshua ben Hananiah</a>, and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10765\">Nahum Ish Gamzu</a> ultimately attracting 24,000 students including <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1417\">Rabbi Simeon ben Yohai</a>, <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10772\">Rabbi Meir</a> and Rabbi Judah ben Ilai. He supported <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9515\">Bar Kochba\'s revolt</a>. He was imprisoned and savagely murdered by the Romans for teaching Torah (he is one of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9300\">Ten Martyrs</a>).'], article_count: [70], kid: [1418],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/277384/jewish/Rabbi-Akiva-Akiba.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Rabbi Akiva (Akiba)',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_29674']={word: 'Tabernacle', text: ['the temporary Sanctuary in which the Divine Presence dwelled during the Jews’ journeys through the desert'], article_count: [123], kid: [1232],relatedArticleUrl: '/parshah/article_cdo/aid/2133493/jewish/What-Was-the-Tabernacle-Mishkan.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'What Was the Tabernacle (Mishkan)?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_30632']={word: 'Abravanel', text: ['1437-1508; Portugal, Spain and Venice; leader of Spanish Jewry and minister to the king of Spain, exiled in the expulsion of 1492; author of commentary on Torah'], article_count: [7], kid: [10807],relatedArticleUrl: '/multimedia/video_cdo/aid/2262656/jewish/The-End-of-Spanish-Jewry.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The End of Spanish Jewry',isVideo: true,};glossary_items['g_31066']={word: 'Ravina II', text: [' (d. 475) The last of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1416\">Talmudic sages</a>, nephew of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=8588\">Rabina I</a>. Orphaned from his father Huna at a young age. Rabina served as principal of Sura and was the final editor of the Babylonian<a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2700\">Talmud</a>.'], article_count: [1], kid: [8589],relatedArticleUrl: '/calendar/view/day_cdo/aid/215722/jewish/Talmud-completed.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Passing of Ravina II; Talmud completed',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_31354']={word: 'Shimshon', text: ['(a) The seventh of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11942\">Judges</a>, he judged the Israelites for twenty years (951-931 BCE). A <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10583\">nazirite</a> from birth and of legendary strength, he single-handedly terrorized the occupying <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11968\">Philistines</a>, once killing one thousand of them with a donkey’s jawbone. Samson’s Philistine wife, <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11967\">Delilah</a>, persuaded him to reveal to her the source of his great strength—his never-cut hair. She revealed the secret to the Philistines, who cut his hair and incarcerated him. At a pagan festival, Samson knocked down the pillars supporting the building, killing himself and thousands of Philistines.\
\
(b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [18], kid: [11955],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/464035/jewish/Samson.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Samson',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_32371']={word: 'Avraham', text: ['(a) (1813-1638 BCE) The first of the three <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2174\">Patriarchs</a>; the first Jew. He discovered G-d on his own and rejected the idolatry of his contemporaries. G-d commanded him to travel from his Mesopotamian homeland to Canaan, where He bequeathed the land to his descendants in the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9169\">Covenant between the Parts</a>. He successfully withstood ten tests with which G-d challenged him, including the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=4555\">Binding of Isaac</a> incident. Husband of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=221\">Sarah</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=222\">Hagar</a>, father of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=223\">Ishmael</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2202\">Isaac</a>--his heir. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [210], kid: [220],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/112356/jewish/The-Story-of-Abraham.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Story of Abraham',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_32980']={word: 'Abraham', text: ['(a) (1813-1638 BCE) The first of the three <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2174\">Patriarchs</a>; the first Jew. He discovered G-d on his own and rejected the idolatry of his contemporaries. G-d commanded him to travel from his Mesopotamian homeland to Canaan, where He bequeathed the land to his descendants in the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9169\">Covenant between the Parts</a>. He successfully withstood ten tests with which G-d challenged him, including the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=4555\">Binding of Isaac</a> incident. Husband of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=221\">Sarah</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=222\">Hagar</a>, father of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=223\">Ishmael</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2202\">Isaac</a>--his heir. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [210], kid: [220],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/112356/jewish/The-Story-of-Abraham.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Story of Abraham',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_32998']={word: 'Yom Tov', text: ['(Lit. \"good day\") A Jewish holiday.'], article_count: [88], kid: [1468],relatedArticleUrl: '/holidays/default_cdo/jewish/Jewish-Holidays.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Jewish Holidays and Festivals',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_33116']={word: 'Othniel', text: ['<a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9164\">Caleb</a>’s half-brother and son-in-law. First of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11942\">Judges</a>, a renowned scholar who judged the Israelites for forty years (1228-1188 BCE) following <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=3192\">Joshua</a>’s passing. At that time, the Israelites lacked leadership and fell prey to the Aramite king, Cushan-Rishathaim. Othniel successfully liberated the Israelites from this oppression.'], article_count: [2], kid: [11960],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/463963/jewish/The-First-Judges.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The First Judges ',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_33355']={word: 'Yonatan', text: ['(a) (d. 877 BCE BCE) Son of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11969\">Saul</a> and sworn friend of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2417\">David</a>. Helped David escape Saul’s designs on his life. Led the Israelite rebellion against the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11968\">Philistines</a> and was killed in battle together with his father. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [11], kid: [2418],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/464038/jewish/War-with-the-Philistines.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'War with the Philistines',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_33678']={word: 'Talmud', text: ['the basic compendium of Jewish law and thought; its tractates mainly comprise the discussions collectively known as the Gemara, which elucidate the germinal statements of law (mishnayot) collectively known as the Mishnah; when unspecified refers to the Talmud Bavli, the edition developed in Babylonia, and edited at the end of the fifth century C.E.; the Talmud Yerushalmi is the edition compiled in the Land of Israel at the end of the fourth century C.E.'], article_count: [1005], kid: [2700],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/2537389/jewish/Talmud.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Talmud',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_33702']={word: 'Aharon', text: ['(a) (1397-1273 BCE) Son of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=8063\">Amram</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2303\">Jochebed</a>, brother of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=6762\">Miriam</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=70\">Moses</a>. Moses’ partner and spokesman in his mission to free the Israelites from <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=8732\">Egypt</a>. First <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10972\">High Priest</a> and patriarch of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9213\">Priestly Family</a>. A man who loved peace and always sought to bring conflicting parties to reconciliation. Died in the desert, shortly before the Israelites entered Canaan. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [68], kid: [7078],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/4033914/jewish/The-Story-of-Aaron-in-the-Bible.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Story of Aaron in the Bible',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_33714']={word: 'Ramban', text: ['Acronym for \"Rabbi Moshe ben Nachman\" (1194-1270), also known as Nachmanides, author of commentaries on the Torah, Talmud, and Maimonides\' Sefer HaMitzvot.'], article_count: [10], kid: [8064],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/111857/jewish/Ramban.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Ramban (Rabbi Moses ben Nachman - \"Nachmanides\")',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_33843']={word: 'Canaan', text: ['the fourth son of Ham and the grandson of Noah. After Ham discovered Noah naked in a drunken slumber and assaulted him, Noah cursed Ham\'s son Canaan that he and his descendants would be slaves to the children of Shem and Japeth.','the land which G-d promised to Abraham\'s descendants through his son Isaac and grandson Jacob. Later called the Land of Israel, at the time of G-d\'s promise it was inhabited by the descendants of Canaan, son of Ham and grandson of Noah, who took the land by force from the children of Shem.'], article_count: [2,600], kid: [16612,1569],relatedArticleUrl: '/parshah/article_cdo/aid/3139808/jewish/The-Firstborn-and-the-Curse-of-Canaan.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Firstborn and the Curse of Canaan',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_33936']={word: 'Hillel', text: ['(d. 9 CE) <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2701\">Mishnaic</a> sage, native of Babylon, student of Shemaiah and Abtalion, teacher of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=12576\">Jonathan ben Uzziel</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11041\">Johanan ben Zakkai</a>, Nasi of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=12282\">Sanhedrin</a>. He is well known for his statement, \"What is hateful to you, do not do unto your fellow man.\" His <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1199\">Torah</a> academy was known as the “<a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=7547\">House of Hillel</a>.”'], article_count: [27], kid: [1419],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/4042931/jewish/Hillel-the-Elder.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Hillel the Elder',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34073']={word: 'Daniel', text: ['(a) (c. 400 BCE) Together with <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=13601\">Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah</a>, was exiled to Babylon and trained to be a chamberlain in the royal court. After successfully interpreting <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9114\">Nebuchadnezzar</a>\'s dream, he was appointed to a high government position. During the reign of Belshazzar, Daniel deciphered writing that mysteriously appeared, predicting Babylon\'s downfall. He was \
\
<a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9171\">thrown into a lions\' den</a> during Darius’ reign for praying to G-d; miraculously, he wasn’t harmed. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [14], kid: [13599],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/3630049/jewish/The-Story-of-Daniel-the-Prophet-in-the-Bible.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Story of Daniel the Prophet in the Bible',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34190']={word: 'Esther', text: ['(a) (4th century BCE) First cousin of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1309\">Mordecai</a>, selected as <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10809\">King Ahasuerus</a>\'s queen after <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10284\">Vashti</a>\'s execution. At Mordecai\'s behest, she brought about Ahasuerus\'s annulment of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=13574\">Haman\'s</a> decree calling for the extermination of the Jews. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [76], kid: [1310],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/4297202/jewish/Who-Was-Esther.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Who Was Esther?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34197']={word: 'Yaakov', text: ['(a) (1653-1506 BCE) Third of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2174\">Patriarchs</a>, son of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1476\">Rebecca</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2202\">Isaac</a>. A studious man, he incurred his twin brother <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1478\">Esau</a>’s wrath when he <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1475\">deceptively received Isaac’s blessings</a>. He fled to Padan Aram where he married <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1653\">Leah</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2283\">Rachel</a>. He fathered the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=7080\">Twelve Tribes</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1652\">Dinah</a>. He returned to Canaan but lived his final years in Egypt, where he went to be with his son <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2224\">Joseph</a>, viceroy of Egypt. He’s buried in the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=8412\">Cave of Machpelah</a> in <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=8411\">Hebron</a>. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [159], kid: [1477],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/112361/jewish/Who-Was-Jacob-in-the-Bible.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Who Was Jacob in the Bible?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34216']={word: 'Minyan', text: ['(lit. “number”); the quorum of ten necessary for communal prayer'], article_count: [57], kid: [2478],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/543104/jewish/Why-Are-Ten-Men-Needed-for-a-Minyan.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Why Are Ten Men Needed for a Minyan?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34339']={word: 'Hordos', text: ['(d. 1 BCE) King of Judea, husband of Mariamne. He killed all the Hasmoneans and seized the rule. Fearing that the rabbis would challenge his authority, he killed them all, leaving only Bava ben Buta. Later, out of remorse for his cruelty, he had the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=238\">Holy Temple</a> completely renovated. The new structure was magnificent.'], article_count: [10], kid: [12184],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/953556/jewish/Herod-the-Great.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Herod the Great',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34491']={word: 'Rambam', text: ['Acronym for \"Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon\" 1135-1204; Cordoba (Spain), Fez (Morocco) and Fostat (old Cairo, Egypt); known as Maimonides, he was a codifier, philosopher, communal leader, and court physician to Sultan Salamin of Egypt; author of a commentary on the Mishnah, the Book of Mitzvot, Mishneh Torah, the Guide to the Perplexed and many other works'], article_count: [234], kid: [1697],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/889836/jewish/Maimonides-The-Rambam.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Maimonides: The Rambam',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34492']={word: 'Raavad', text: ['Rabbi Avraham ben David of Provence, c.1125-1198, Posquieres, Provence; author of critical glosses on Maimonides\' Mishneh Torah'], article_count: [6], kid: [1698],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/111873/jewish/Rabbi-Abraham-Ben-David.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Rabbi Abraham Ben David',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34852']={word: 'Haran', text: ['Former residence of Abraham’s family; where Jacob met and married his wives and lived for 20 years.','Brother of Abraham, and father of Sarah'], article_count: [3,2], kid: [10886,17360],relatedArticleUrl: '/parshah/article_cdo/aid/3861271/jewish/Making-the-World-Into-a-Home-for-G-d.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Making the World Into a Home for G-d',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34858']={word: 'Nassi', text: ['(a) in Biblical times, the head of any one of the twelve tribes; (b) in later generations, the civil and/or spiritual head of the Jewish community at large.'], article_count: [1], kid: [11048],relatedArticleUrl: '/parshah/article_cdo/aid/2110818/jewish/To-Be-a-Leader-of-the-Jewish-People.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'To Be a Leader of the Jewish People',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34862']={word: 'Radak', text: ['Rav David Kimchi, thirteenth century grammarian and author of one of the foremost biblical commentaries; played a major rule in defending Judaism against the church and authored Teshuvoth Lanotzrim (Refutation to the Christians); defended Maimonides Guide against detractors.'], article_count: [1], kid: [11122],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/2617023/jewish/Major-Rishonim-of-Provence.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Major <i>Rishonim</i> of Provence',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35041']={word: 'Torah', text: ['(lit. teaching) (a) The Five Books of Moses (The Bible); (b) the overall body of Jewish religious teachings encompassing the whole body of Jewish law, practice and tradition'], article_count: [28793], kid: [1199],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/1426382/jewish/Torah.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'What Is the Torah?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35096']={word: 'Kohen', text: ['priest, descendant of Aaron, responsible for the service in the Holy Temple'], article_count: [162], kid: [9213],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/762109/jewish/Raise-Your-Hand-If-Youre-A-Kohen.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Raise Your Hand If You’re A Kohen',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35285']={word: 'Moses', text: ['(a) (1393-1273 BCE) Greatest prophet to ever live. Son of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=8063\">Amram</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2303\">Jochebed</a>, younger brother of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=6762\">Miriam</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=7078\">Aaron</a>. Born in Egypt and raised by <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10006\">Pharaoh’s daughter</a>. Fled to <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10008\">Midian</a>, where he married <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10007\">Zipporah</a>. Deployed by G-d to Egypt to liberate the Israelites. Visited <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2364\">ten plagues</a> upon Egypt, <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=299\">led the Israelites out</a>, and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1197\">transmitted to them the Torah</a> at <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9258\">Mt. Sinai</a>. Led the Israelites for forty years while they <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2609\">traveled in the desert</a>, all the while performing astonishing miracles and wonders. <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=7485\">Died</a> in the Plains of Moab, and succeeded by his disciple <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=3192\">Joshua</a>. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [259], kid: [70],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/73398/jewish/The-Story-of-Moses-in-the-Bible.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Story of Moses in the Bible',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35336']={word: 'Amram', text: ['Grandson of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9130\">Levi</a>; husband of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2303\">Jochebed</a>; father of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=6762\">Miriam</a>, <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=7078\">Aaron</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=70\">Moses</a>. Leader of the Israelites while they were <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=7113\">enslaved in Egypt</a>.'], article_count: [8], kid: [8063],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/4613575/jewish/Who-Was-Amram.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Who Was Amram?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35421']={word: 'Haman', text: ['Jew-hating descendant of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2825\">Amalek</a>, appointed by King <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10809\">Ahasuerus</a> to be prime minister of the Persian Empire. He plotted to annihilate the Jews, but was thwarted by <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1309\">Mordecai</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1310\">Esther</a>. At Ahasuerus\' behest, he was hanged, as described in the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2841\">Scroll of Esther</a> which is read every year on <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=141\">Purim</a>.'], article_count: [31], kid: [13574],relatedArticleUrl: '/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/5846226/jewish/Haman-in-the-Bible.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Haman in the Bible',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35532']={word: 'Sarah', text: ['(a) (1803-1677 BCE) First of the four <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=12180\"> Matriarchs</a>, wife of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=220\">Abraham</a>. Together with her husband, she was instrumental in converting thousands of people to monotheism. She was miraculously protected when she was abducted by the kings of Egypt and Philistine. She gave birth to <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2202\"> Isaac</a> at the age of ninety. She is buried in the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=8412\">Cave of Machpelah</a>. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [71], kid: [221],relatedArticleUrl: '/theJewishWoman/article_cdo/aid/2213073/jewish/Sarah-A-Woman-of-Fortitude.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Sarah: A Woman of Fortitude',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35561']={word: 'David', text: ['(a) (907-837 BCE) A Bethlehem native, youngest son of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9270\">Jesse</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9269\">Nitzevet</a>. A shepherd boy, he rose to fame after slaying the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11968\">Philistine</a> hero <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11978\">Goliath</a>. This earned him the hand of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11969\">King Saul</a>’s daughter <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11979\">Michal</a> in marriage. Anointed by <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1356\">Samuel</a> to succeed Saul after the latter failed to annihilate <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2825\">Amalek</a>. This aroused Saul\'s jealousy, who then pursued him relentlessly. David became king after Saul’s death. During his monarchy, David successfully secured and expanded Israel’s borders, but was beset by a series of revolts and personal tribulations. Compiled the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2172\">Book of Psalms</a>. Succeeded by his son <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9298\">Solomon</a>. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [98], kid: [2417],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/463954/jewish/King-David.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'King David',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35783']={word: 'Beth', text: ['the second letter of the Hebrew alphabet, prounounced \"b\" (or \"v\" if without a <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11364\">dagesh</a>), with a numerical value of 2'], article_count: [10], kid: [1524],relatedArticleUrl: '/multimedia/video_cdo/aid/725011/jewish/The-Bet.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Bet',isVideo: true,};glossary_items['g_35807']={word: 'Rama', text: ['Rama is an acronym for \"Rabbi Moshe Isserles\"; c. 1530-1572, author of the Mapah, a gloss to the Shulchan Aruch that presents the Ashkenazic halachic perspective.'], article_count: [8], kid: [9195],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/111847/jewish/Rabbi-Moshe-Isserles-The-Remo.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Rabbi Moshe Isserles - The Remo',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35818']={word: 'Gaon', text: ['(lit. ‘magnificent’); a Torah genius; especially the head of one of the Babylonian Talmudic academies that illuminated the period between 500 and 1038'], article_count: [0], kid: [10778],relatedArticleUrl: '',relatedArticleTitle: '',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35995']={word: 'Brit', text: ['(lit. \"covenant\"); the ritual circumcision of a Jewish boy, generally at eight days old'], article_count: [165], kid: [1436],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/144122/jewish/Bris-Circumcision.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Bris: The Covenant of Circumcision',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_36044']={word: 'Yoel', text: ['Joel; The Book of Joel.'], article_count: [2], kid: [12067],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/464027/jewish/Joel.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Joel',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_36055']={word: 'Rava', text: ['(d. 352) <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2700\">Talmudic</a> sage, student of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=13961\">Rav Nahman</a>, Rav Sheshet, and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=13960\">Rav Joseph</a>. He was also the student and son-in-law of Rav Hisda. He was a close friend and intellectual opponent of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11759\">Abaye</a>. Their halachic disputes—hundreds of which are recorded in the Talmud—epitomize the Talmud\'s dialectical logic. In all but a few instances, the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1500\">halachah</a> follows Rava’s opinion. Rava founded a school in his hometown of Mahuza, which later became the center of Jewish scholarship in Babylonia.'], article_count: [5], kid: [13918],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/412519/jewish/Rava-and-the-Rich-Poor-Man.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Rava and the Rich \"Poor\" Man',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_36210']={word: 'Ezra', text: ['(a) (d. 313 BCE) Scribe, spiritual and political Jewish leader, and head of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=12199\">Great Assembly</a>. A year after the completion of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=12355\">Second Temple</a> by Jews who had returned to the Land of Israel, Ezra led a second wave of exiles back from Babylon. Ezra taught and encouraged the observance of the laws of the Torah, and copied and disseminated the books of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11380\">Tanach</a>. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [18], kid: [8074],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/4166669/jewish/The-Story-of-Ezra-the-Scribe-in-the-Bible.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Story of Ezra the Scribe in the Bible',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_36403']={word: 'Adam', text: ['(a) (3760-2830 BCE) The first man, created by <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=3001\">G-d</a>. Married <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=214\"> Eve</a>, and together they are the progenitors of the human race. They were placed in the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9970\">Garden of Eden</a>, but were banished from there after eating from the forbidden <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1562\">Tree of Knowledge</a>. (b) Man. (c) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [62], kid: [213],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/246606/jewish/The-Story-of-Adam-and-Eve-in-the-Bible.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Story of Adam and Eve in the Bible',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_36650']={word: 'Rav', text: ['(d. 247) His given name was Abba bar Aibu, but was known simply as \"Rav\" (\"rabbi\"). Last of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=12574\">Mishnaic sages</a> and the first of the Babylonian <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1416\">Talmudic sages</a>. Born in Babylon, he studied in Israel in his youth, but returned to Babylon and studied in Nahardea, where he befriended <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=13916\">Samuel bar Abba</a> and was appointed as \"Inspector of the Markets\" by the exilarch. Rav later moved to Sura, where he founded a Torah academy and transformed the city into a center of Jewish scholarship.'], article_count: [7], kid: [10222],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/112292/jewish/Rav.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Rav',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_36753']={word: 'Ben', text: ['(lit. “son of...”); used as part of a man’s formal name, followed by the name of either his father or mother'], article_count: [0], kid: [10863],relatedArticleUrl: '',relatedArticleTitle: '',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_36925']={word: 'Zal', text: ['Academies of Torah learning.'], article_count: [73], kid: [8069],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/4407857/jewish/What-Is-a-Yeshiva.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'What Is a Yeshiva?',isVideo: false,};
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