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<a href="/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/4196668/jewish/Chanukah-Schedule.htm" class="child_item default" data-menu-level="3" data-aid="4196668"><span>Chanukah Schedule</span></a>
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<a href="/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/4306551/jewish/Pesach-at-Chabad.htm" class="child_item default" data-menu-level="3" data-aid="4306551"><span>Pesach at Chabad</span></a>
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<a href="/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/4331776/jewish/Family-Purim-event.htm" class="child_item default" data-menu-level="3" data-aid="4331776"><span>Family Purim event</span></a>
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<a href="/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/4337225/jewish/Pesach-at-Chabad.htm" class="child_item default" data-menu-level="3" data-aid="4337225"><span>Pesach at Chabad</span></a>
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<a href="/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/4337278/jewish/Shavuot-at-Chabad.htm" class="child_item default" data-menu-level="3" data-aid="4337278"><span>Shavuot at Chabad</span></a>
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<a href="/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/4338642/jewish/The-Seder.htm" class="child_item default" data-menu-level="3" data-aid="4338642"><span>The Seder</span></a>
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<a href="/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/4379838/jewish/Order-Lulav-Etrog.htm" class="child_item default" data-menu-level="3" data-aid="4379838"><span>Order Lulav & Etrog</span></a>
<a href="/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/4379839/jewish/Sukkah-Party.htm" class="child_item default" data-menu-level="3" data-aid="4379839"><span>Sukkah Party</span></a>
<a href="/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/4379840/jewish/Simchat-Torah.htm" class="child_item default" data-menu-level="3" data-aid="4379840"><span>Simchat Torah</span></a>
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<a href="/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/3782812/jewish/High-Holidays-20.htm" class="child_item default" data-menu-level="3" data-aid="3782812"><span>High Holidays 2.0</span></a>
<a href="/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/3782907/jewish/High-Holidays-20.htm" class="child_item default" data-menu-level="3" data-aid="3782907"><span>High Holidays 2.0</span></a>
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<div class="break_floats"></div></div></div></div><span class="parent"><img src="https://w2.chabad.org/images/global/spacer.gif" width="12" height="6" border="0" vspace="2" /><div><a href="/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/4026472/jewish/YK-Js.htm" class="parent">YK<br />J's</a></div></span><a href="/templates/articlecco_cdo/aid/4026472/jewish/YK-Js.htm" class="bg_extension js-parent-menu-link" data-aid="4026472"></a></td>
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<span>SITES-1602</span>
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<span>SITES-1723: attempt replicate</span>
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<span>SITES-1675</span>
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<span>Embedded Video</span>
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<span>SITES-2098</span>
</a>
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<span>SITES-2301</span>
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<h1 class="article-header__title js-article-title js-page-title">Qu’est-ce qu’un rabbin?</h1>
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<h2 class="article-header__subtitle">Une brève histoire de l’ordination rabbinique (la semikha)</h2>
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<div class="co_body article-body cf"><section><p>Le mot <i>rabbi</i> signifie littéralement « mon maître » en hébreu. Un rabbin est un dirigeant religieux au sein du <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/3235581/jewish/Qui-sont-les-Juifs.htm" title="Qui sont les Juifs?‎">peuple juif</a>. Certains rabbins dirigent des congrégations (<a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/6265521/jewish/Quest-ce-quune-synagogue.htm" title="Qu’est-ce qu’une synagogue?">synagogues</a>), d’autres sont des enseignants, et d’autres encore assument un leadership informel. L’ordination rabbinique est appelée <i>semikha</i>. Dans le langage courant, on appelle <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36650">rav</span></i> un rabbin ayant une formation avancée en droit juif pratique (<i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33334">halakha</span></i>).</p>
<p>Le grand sage talmudique et médecin Chmouel rendit un jour visite à Rabbi Yehouda Hanassi, qui souffrait d’une affection des yeux. Chmouel voulut introduire un médicament dans ses yeux, mais Rabbi Yehouda répondit qu’il ne pourrait supporter un tel traitement. « Dans ce cas, dit Chmouel, je vais appliquer délicatement du médicament sur vos yeux. » « Je ne peux pas supporter cela non plus », répondit Rabbi Yehouda. Face à ce dilemme, Chmouel plaça le tube contenant le remède sous l’oreiller de Rabbi Yehouda, et, en effet, celui-ci guérit.</p>
<p>Constatant que Chmouel était un grand expert en matière médicale autant qu’un grand sage, Rabbi Yehouda chercha à l’ordonner au rabbinat. Mais chaque fois qu’il essayait, il ne parvenait pas à rassembler les personnes requises pour procéder à l’ordination.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('1a7115262');" name="footnoteRef1a7115262">1</a> Chmouel dit alors à Rabbi Yehouda : « Maître, ne vous donnez pas cette peine, car j’ai vu écrit dans le livre d’<span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36403">Adam</span> Harichone<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('2a7115262');" name="footnoteRef2a7115262">2</a> que “Chmouel Yar’hinaah<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('3a7115262');" name="footnoteRef3a7115262">3</a> sera appelé un grand sage, mais ne portera pas le titre de “rabbin”… »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('4a7115262');" name="footnoteRef4a7115262">4</a></p>
<p>Ce n’est qu’au II<sup>e</sup> siècle que le terme « rabbi », qui signifie littéralement « mon maître » ou « mon enseignant », devint un titre officiel. Jusqu’alors, même les plus grands sages et prophètes juifs ne recevaient aucun titre honorifique.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('5a7115262');" name="footnoteRef5a7115262">5</a> Au fil des siècles, la signification du titre et les conditions de son obtention ont considérablement évolué. Pour comprendre ce que signifie aujourd’hui le mot « rabbin », examinons l’histoire de l’ordination rabbinique, ou <i>semikha</i>.</p>
</section><section><h2>Les origines de la <i>semikha</i></h2>
<p>Bien que le titre lui-même soit d’apparition plus récente, l’ordination des dirigeants spirituels remonte à l’aube de l’histoire juive. La forme originelle d’ordination se transmettait directement de maître à élève dans une chaîne ininterrompue remontant jusqu’à Moïse. La <i>semikha</i> classique assurait que l’élève devienne le maillon suivant de la tradition sinaïtique et l’autorisait à juger des affaires impliquant toute forme de peine punitive.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('6a7115262');" name="footnoteRef6a7115262">6</a></p>
<p>Le premier à être ordonné de cette manière fut Josué. Moïse posa ses mains sur lui, comme le verset l’énonce : « Et il posa ses mains sur lui et lui donna ses ordres, conformément à ce que l’Éternel avait dit. »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('7a7115262');" name="footnoteRef7a7115262">7</a> (Le mot « <i>semikha</i> » signifie littéralement « imposition des mains ».) De même, nous trouvons que Moïse ordonna les soixante-dix juges, quoique sans mention d’une « imposition des mains ».<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('8a7115262');" name="footnoteRef8a7115262">8</a></p>
<p>L’imposition physique des mains ne fut pas reconduite dans les générations suivantes, et la <i>semikha</i> vint à être conférée en s’adressant simplement à la personne comme à un « rabbi »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('9a7115262');" name="footnoteRef9a7115262">9</a> et en lui déclarant : « Tu es ordonné et tu as l’autorité de rendre des jugements, même dans des affaires impliquant des sanctions pécuniaires. »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('10a7115262');" name="footnoteRef10a7115262">10</a></p>
<p>Josué et les soixante-dix anciens ordonnèrent d’autres personnes, qui à leur tour transmirent la <i>semikha</i> à leurs disciples. Cette tradition se maintint jusqu’à l’époque talmudique, où les sages retraçaient encore une lignée directe jusqu’aux tribunaux de Josué et de Moïse.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('11a7115262');" name="footnoteRef11a7115262">11</a></p>
</section><section><h2>Conditions de la <i>semikha</i> classique</h2>
<p>Cette première forme d’ordination ne pouvait être conférée que dans des conditions très précises :</p>
<p>● Celui qui conférait la <i>semikha</i> devait le faire en étant accompagné de deux autres. En effet, la <i>semikha</i> ne pouvait être transmise qu’en présence d’au moins trois « juges ». Cependant, un seul de ces trois, à savoir celui qui conférait la <i>semikha</i>, devait lui-même être ordonné.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('12a7115262');" name="footnoteRef12a7115262">12</a></p>
<p>● Le rabbin qui ordonnait et celui qui recevait l’ordination devaient tous deux se trouver en Terre d’Israël.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('13a7115262');" name="footnoteRef13a7115262">13</a> Mais il n’était pas nécessaire qu’ils soient physiquement ensemble : l’ordination pouvait être transmise oralement ou par écrit.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('14a7115262');" name="footnoteRef14a7115262">14</a></p>
<p>● Si une personne pouvait être ordonnée pour ne trancher que dans un domaine spécifique du droit juif,<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('15a7115262');" name="footnoteRef15a7115262">15</a> elle devait néanmoins être experte et qualifiée pour statuer dans tous les domaines.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('16a7115262');" name="footnoteRef16a7115262">16</a> L’ordination en matière de casherout était appelée « <i>Yoré Yoré</i> » (« Peut-il décider ? Il peut décider ! »). Pour statuer en matière monétaire, il fallait « <i>Yadine Yadine</i> » (« Peut-il juger ? Il peut juger ! »).<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('17a7115262');" name="footnoteRef17a7115262">17</a></p>
<p>● Non seulement pouvait-on être ordonné pour un domaine spécifique, mais on pouvait aussi l’être pour une durée déterminée.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('18a7115262');" name="footnoteRef18a7115262">18</a></p>
<p>● Il n’y avait pas de limite au nombre de personnes pouvant être ordonnées en même temps. Le roi <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35561">David</span> ordonna même trente mille personnes à la fois !<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('19a7115262');" name="footnoteRef19a7115262">19</a></p>
<p>● À l’origine, quiconque avait été ordonné ordonnait à son tour ses élèves. Mais à l’époque de <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33936">Hillel</span> l’Ancien (I<sup>er</sup> siècle avant l’ère commune), par égard pour les survivants de la maison de David, les sages instituèrent que la <i>semikha</i> ne pourrait être transmise qu’avec l’autorisation expresse du dirigeant de la génération, le <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34858">nassi</span></i>.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('20a7115262');" name="footnoteRef20a7115262">20</a></p>
<p>Parallèlement, les sages décidèrent que le <i><a href="/parshah/article_cdo/aid/2110818/jewish/To-Be-a-Leader-of-the-Jewish-People.htm" title="To Be a Leader of the Jewish People">nassi</a></i> ne transmettrait pas la <i>semikha</i> s’il n’était pas accompagné du président du tribunal rabbinique, le <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="37034">av</span> <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="31613">beth din</span></i>, et que le <i>av <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/3582308/jewish/What-Is-a-Beit-Din.htm" title="What Is a Beit Din?">beth din</a></i> ne la transmettrait pas sans être accompagné du <i>nassi</i>. Les autres sages pouvaient toutefois transmettre la <i>semikha</i> par eux-mêmes, après avoir reçu l’autorisation du <i>nassi</i>, à condition d’être accompagnés de deux autres personnes.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('21a7115262');" name="footnoteRef21a7115262">21</a></p>
</section><section><h2>Les premiers rabbins</h2>
<p>Dans la Michna et le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33678">Talmud</span> apparaissent pour la première fois trois titres : Rabbi, <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36755">Rav</span> et Rabbane.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('22a7115262');" name="footnoteRef22a7115262">22</a></p>
<p><b>Rabbi :</b> Le titre « rabbi » était porté par les sages de la Terre d’Israël, ordonnés là-bas selon l’usage transmis par les anciens. Héritiers directs de la <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/5538423/jewish/Quest-ce-que-la-Torah.htm" title="Qu’est-ce que la Torah ?">Torah</a> de Moïse, ils recevaient l’autorité de juger des affaires pénales.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('23a7115262');" name="footnoteRef23a7115262">23</a></p>
<p><b>Rav :</b> Les sages babyloniens, qui reçurent une ordination dans leurs propres académies en diaspora, portaient le titre de « rav ». N’ayant pas été ordonnés en Israël, leur pouvoir de statuer était restreint et n’incluait pas les affaires impliquant des dommages punitifs.</p>
<p><b>Rabbane :</b> Ce titre était réservé à la présidence, au <i>nassi</i> ou au président du tribunal rabbinique, le <i>av <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35783">beth</span> din</i> du Sanhédrine.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('24a7115262');" name="footnoteRef24a7115262">24</a></p>
<p>Les premiers à être appelés « Rabbane » furent Rabbane Gamaliel l’Ancien<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('25a7115262');" name="footnoteRef25a7115262">25</a> (mort vers l’an 50 de l’ère commune), Rabbane Chimone, son fils,<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('26a7115262');" name="footnoteRef26a7115262">26</a> et Rabbane Yo’hanane <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36753">ben</span> Zakaï<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('27a7115262');" name="footnoteRef27a7115262">27</a> (mort vers 74 de l’ère commune).</p>
<p>Les premiers à être appelés « rabbi » furent Rabbi Tsadok, Rabbi Éliézer ben <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34197">Yaakov</span>, et d’autres disciples de Rabbane Yo’hanane ben Zakaï : Rabbi Éliézer ben Horkenos, Rabbi Yehochoua ben ‘<span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="32837">Hanania</span>, Rabbi Yossé HaCohen, Rabbi Chimone ben Netanel et Rabbi Éléazar ben Arakh.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('28a7115262');" name="footnoteRef28a7115262">28</a></p>
<p>En gardant à l’esprit que, jusqu’à l’apparition de ces titres, même les plus grands dirigeants et prophètes n’étaient pas appelés « rabbi », il en ressort que, si le titre « rabbi » est supérieur à « rav », celui de « Rabbane » l’est davantage, et que le simple nom, sans aucun titre, est supérieur à tous (pourvu, bien sûr, que la personne mérite un titre honorifique).<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('29a7115262');" name="footnoteRef29a7115262">29</a></p>
</section><section><h2>L’interdiction romaine et la fin de la <i>semikha</i> classique</h2>
<p>À l’époque où ces titres se développèrent, la nation juive traversait de grands bouleversements. Les premiers à les porter furent témoins de la destruction du Second <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33638">Temple</span> en l’an 70, puis de l’instauration d’une occupation romaine oppressive en Israël. Après l’échec de la révolte de Bar Kokhba (132–135 de l’ère commune), l’empereur Hadrien chercha à mettre un terme définitif au Sanhédrine et à la <i>semikha</i>, qu’il considérait comme l’expression persistante de l’autonomie juive.</p>
<p>L’empereur décréta que quiconque conférerait ou recevrait l’ordination serait mis à mort. De plus, la ville où l’ordination aurait eu lieu devait être rasée, et tous ceux qui se trouvaient dans un rayon de 2 000 <i>amot</i> en seraient déracinés. La tradition de la <i>semikha</i> aurait alors complètement disparu si ce n’était le sacrifice du grand sage Rabbi Yehouda ben Bava.</p>
<p>Ayant appris le décret, Rabbi Yehouda emmena cinq élèves de <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="28773">Rabbi Akiva</span>, le grand sage qui venait de mourir en martyr aux mains des Romains, et s’assit entre deux montagnes formant la « limite de Chabbat »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('30a7115262');" name="footnoteRef30a7115262">30</a> entre deux grandes villes, Oucha et Shefaram.</p>
<p>Lorsque les Romains les découvrirent, Rabbi Yehouda cria aux élèves : « Mes enfants, fuyez ! » Les élèves répondirent : « Maître, que sera-t-il de vous ? » Il répliqua : « Je suis placé devant eux comme un rocher qu’on ne peut renverser. » On raconte que les Romains ne quittèrent pas l’endroit où ils avaient trouvé Rabbi Yehouda ben Bava avant de l’avoir transpercé de trois cents lances, le réduisant à l’état de crible. Mais, à ce moment-là, les nouveaux ordonnés avaient déjà pris la fuite.</p>
<p>Les noms de ces cinq élèves étaient : Rabbi Méïr, Rabbi Yehouda (bar Ilaï), Rabbi Chimone, Rabbi Yossi et Rabbi Éléazar ben Chamoa. Selon certains, Rabbi Ne’hemia fut également ordonné à cet endroit.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('31a7115262');" name="footnoteRef31a7115262">31</a></p>
<p>Bien que la <i>semikha</i> eût été sauvée temporairement, il devint de plus en plus difficile d’en remplir toutes les conditions, en particulier parce qu’une grande partie des sages vivaient en Babylonie, et, comme mentionné, un rabbin ne pouvait être ordonné qu’en Terre d’Israël.</p>
<p>On ignore le moment exact où la <i>semikha</i> classique cessa. Selon certains, elle prit fin aux jours de Rabbi Hillel II, qui devint le dirigeant des Juifs vers 359 de l’ère commune. Prévoyant la disparition de l’ordination classique et constatant que la méthode de sanctification du nouveau mois, qui exigeait des rabbins ordonnés, était en péril, Rabbi Hillel établit le calendrier fixe encore en usage aujourd’hui.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('32a7115262');" name="footnoteRef32a7115262">32</a></p>
<p>D’autres estiment qu’une forme d’ordination classique perdura encore plusieurs siècles. Ils citent des lettres de Rabbi Tséma’h <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35818">Gaon</span> (IX<sup>e</sup> siècle) et de Rabbi ‘Hanina Gaon (X<sup>e</sup> siècle), laissant entendre qu’à leur époque on jugeait encore en Terre d’Israël des affaires de dommages punitifs, ce que seuls des détenteurs de <i>semikha</i> pouvaient faire.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('33a7115262');" name="footnoteRef33a7115262">33</a> D’autres encore renvoient à des lettres de Rabbi Yehouda ben Barzilaï de Barcelone (XI<sup>e</sup>-XII<sup>e</sup> siècles), laissant penser que même à son époque il existait quelque forme de <i>semikha</i> en Israël.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('34a7115262');" name="footnoteRef34a7115262">34</a></p>
</section><section><h2>Tentative de renouvellement de la <i>semikha</i> classique</h2>
<p>Après l’expulsion d’Espagne de 1492, de nombreux Juifs restèrent sur place, acceptant le christianisme en façade tout en pratiquant en secret le judaïsme. Des milliers de ces <i>conversos</i> finirent par s’enfuir et émigrer en Israël et dans d’autres pays, où ils purent de nouveau pratiquer leur judaïsme ouvertement. Ces Juifs demeuraient hantés par les fautes de leur passé. Beaucoup craignaient de ne jamais expier totalement leurs transgressions les plus graves, dont certaines entraînaient la peine de <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35372">karet</span></i> – retranchement spirituel de D.ieu.</p>
<p>En 1538, Rabbi Yaakov Beirav, grand rabbin de Safed (en Terre d’Israël) et lui-même réfugié de l’expulsion d’Espagne, proposa d’établir des tribunaux juifs qui appliqueraient la peine de <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34229">malkot</span></i>, les coups de fouet, lesquels libèrent d’un décret de <i><a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1340046/jewish/Karet-Can-Someone-Be-Cut-Off-From-G-d.htm" title="Karet: Can Someone Be Cut Off From G‑d?">karet</a></i>.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('35a7115262');" name="footnoteRef35a7115262">35</a></p>
<p>Or, cette peine ne pouvait être infligée que par un rabbin ordonné selon la forme originelle, classique, de <i>semikha</i>. Dans le cadre de son plan, Rabbi Beirav chercha donc à rétablir la <i>semikha</i> classique, se fondant sur une décision de Maïmonide selon laquelle, si tous les sages de la Terre d’Israël consentent à nommer des juges et à leur conférer l’ordination, la <i>semikha</i> est valide. Ces juges peuvent alors instruire des affaires impliquant des peines et transmettre la <i>semikha</i> à d’autres.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('36a7115262');" name="footnoteRef36a7115262">36</a> <a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('37a7115262');" name="footnoteRef37a7115262">37</a></p>
<p>Après de longues délibérations, vingt-cinq sages de Safed conférèrent à Rabbi Yaakov Beirav la nouvelle <i>semikha</i>. Rabbi Beirav envoya ensuite Rabbi Chlomo ‘Hazan à Jérusalem pour informer les sages du rétablissement de la <i>semikha</i> et pour ordonner Rabbi Lévi ibn ‘Haviv (connu sous le nom de Ralba’h) avec les mêmes prérogatives.</p>
<p>Mais Rabbi Lévi ibn ‘Haviv rejeta la <i>semikha</i> nouvellement établie, arguant, entre autres, qu’en la rétablissant on n’avait pas obtenu le consentement de tous les sages d’Israël. Un échange acerbe s’ensuivit entre les deux rabbins, et un vif débat éclata entre leurs deux camps.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('38a7115262');" name="footnoteRef38a7115262">38</a></p>
<p>Au milieu de ce débat, des membres de l’opposition informèrent le gouvernement turc que, en rétablissant la <i>semikha</i>, Rabbi Beirav entendait restaurer le royaume d’Israël et se rebeller. Craignant pour sa vie, Rabbi Beirav décida de fuir en Égypte. Avant cela, toutefois, il transmit la <i>semikha</i> à quatre de ses principaux disciples :<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('39a7115262');" name="footnoteRef39a7115262">39</a> Rabbi Yossef Karo (auteur du <i>Choul’hane Aroukh</i>), Rabbi Moché de Trani, Rabbi <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="32371">Avraham</span> Chalom et Rabbi Israël de Curiel.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('40a7115262');" name="footnoteRef40a7115262">40</a> Rabbi Yossef Karo transmit cette <i>semikha</i> à Rabbi Moché Alshikh, et Rabbi Moché Alshikh ordonna plus tard Rabbi ‘Haïm Vital (principal disciple du grand kabbaliste Rabbi Its’hak Louria, appelé le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34199">Arizal</span>)<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('41a7115262');" name="footnoteRef41a7115262">41</a>.</p>
<p>On ne trouve pas trace que ce rétablissement de l’ordination ait dépassé Rabbi ‘Haïm Vital. Et bien qu’il y eût plusieurs autres tentatives de renouveau de la <i>semikha</i> classique, aucune ne suscita un tel écho ni n’associa des sages aussi éminents que la tentative de Rabbi Yaakov Beirav. Il semble que les dirigeants juifs n’aient pas adopté ces tentatives, par égard pour l’opinion selon laquelle l’ordination classique ne sera rétablie qu’à l’ère messianique.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('42a7115262');" name="footnoteRef42a7115262">42</a></p>
</section><section><h2>L’ordination rabbinique aujourd’hui</h2>
<p>Bien que la <i>semikha</i> classique n’existe plus, des rabbins continuèrent d’être ordonnés au fil des générations. Cette forme allégée d’ordination restait nécessaire, car il est interdit à un élève de se poser en autorité en matière de loi juive sans l’autorisation explicite de son maître.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('43a7115262');" name="footnoteRef43a7115262">43</a> Ainsi, l’ordination rabbinique en vint à signifier simplement que le maître avait accordé à son élève la permission de statuer en matière de <i><a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/4165687/jewish/What-Is-Halakhah-Halachah-Jewish-Law.htm" title="What Is Halakhah (Halachah)? Jewish Law">halakha</a></i>.</p>
<p>Certains estiment que l’ordination rabbinique actuelle constitue un souvenir de la <i>semikha</i> classique. Ils pensent donc qu’en conférant l’ordination rabbinique, il convient de respecter autant que possible les exigences de la <i>semikha</i> originelle, notamment celle voulant que seul quelqu’un qualifié pour statuer dans tous les domaines de la loi juive puisse être ordonné.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('44a7115262');" name="footnoteRef44a7115262">44</a></p>
<p>La plupart, toutefois, considèrent que l’ordination actuelle n’a aucun lien avec la <i>semikha</i> originelle. Selon cette opinion, il n’est pas nécessaire d’être compétent dans tous les domaines de la loi pour recevoir une ordination limitée.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('45a7115262');" name="footnoteRef45a7115262">45</a> <a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('46a7115262');" name="footnoteRef46a7115262">46</a></p>
<p>Bien que l’on puisse recevoir la permission de statuer dans un domaine particulier de la loi juive, il existe aujourd’hui, pour l’essentiel, deux niveaux d’ordination. Le niveau le plus élémentaire, appelé « <i>Yoré Yoré</i> », autorise son détenteur à trancher les questions relatives à la <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1797309/jewish/Manger-casher.htm" title="Manger casher"><i>casherout</i></a> et d’autres domaines de la loi juive liés à la vie quotidienne. Le niveau plus avancé, appelé « <i>Yadine Yadine</i> », autorise son détenteur à exercer comme <i>dayane</i> – juge dans les affaires financières.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('47a7115262');" name="footnoteRef47a7115262">47</a></p>
<p>Le <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/527991/jewish/Le-Rabbi.htm" title="Le Rabbi">Rabbi de Loubavitch</a> encouragea vivement les jeunes hommes à étudier et à recevoir au moins le niveau élémentaire de <i>semikha</i>, le <i>Yoré Yoré</i>, avant leur mariage. Cela garantit qu’il y ait, dans chaque foyer juif, quelqu’un capable de répondre aux questions <i>halakhiques</i> qui ne manquent pas de se présenter au quotidien.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('48a7115262');" name="footnoteRef48a7115262">48</a></p>
<p>Enfin, il convient de noter que, bien que de nombreux détenteurs du titre aujourd’hui soient effectivement qualifiés pour rendre des décisions et répondre à des questions, le nombre de « rabbins » a considérablement augmenté au cours du dernier siècle. Le titre peut désormais désigner une personne n’ayant qu’une ordination très limitée (par exemple, compétente dans un domaine très précis de la loi juive), ou simplement être un titre honorifique attribué à un enseignant ou à quelqu’un exerçant une autorité religieuse. C’est pourquoi il faut veiller, lorsqu’on sollicite un rabbin pour un avis, à s’assurer qu’il soit véritablement qualifié pour statuer dans le domaine de la loi juive sur lequel porte la question.</p></section></div>
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<div class="heading">Footnotes</div>
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<div id="footnoteTR1a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote1a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef1a7115262">1.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Parce qu’il était le <i>nassi</i> (dirigeant), en plus de l’exigence habituelle de s’adjoindre deux autres personnes lors de l’ordination, Rabbi Yehouda devait être accompagné du président du tribunal rabbinique, le <i>av beth din</i>.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR2a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote2a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef2a7115262">2.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Le Talmud (<a href="/torah-texts/5459388/Talmud/Avodah-Zarah/Chapter-1/5a" data-book-id="17216-5459388" title="Avoda Zara 5a)" target="_blank"><i>Avoda Zara</i> 5a)</a> enseigne qu’Adam reçut de D.ieu la vision de tous les sages et dirigeants des générations futures. En rêve, on montra à Chmouel un livre qui consignait ce qu’Adam avait vu, afin de lui signifier qu’il ne devait pas s’affliger des obstacles à son ordination. Voir Ben Yehoyada sur <i>Bava Metsia</i> 85b-86a.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR3a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote3a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef3a7115262">3.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>On l’appelait Yar’hinaah, de la racine « <i>yere’h</i> », « lune ». Chmouel fut ainsi surnommé en raison de sa grande expertise en astronomie et dans le secret de l’intercalation du calendrier.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR4a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote4a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef4a7115262">4.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><i>Talmud</i> <i>Bava Metsia</i> 85b-86a. Rabbi Réouven Margaliot, dans <i>Margaliyot Hayam</i> sur <i>Sanhédrine</i> 14a, émet l’hypothèse que Chmouel était un descendant du grand prêtre Éli, au sujet duquel le Talmud (<i>ibid</i>.) rapporte qu’ils furent maudits par D.ieu de ne jamais être ordonnés pour siéger au Sanhédrine.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR5a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote5a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef5a7115262">5.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Voir la lettre de Rabbi Cherira Gaon citée par Rabbi Nathan bar Yé’hiel dans <i>Sefer Haroukh</i>, s.v. Abayé.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR6a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote6a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef6a7115262">6.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><i>Sanhédrine</i> 13b. La raison pour laquelle un juge devait recevoir la <i>semikha</i> pour juger des affaires pénales est que les versets (Exode 22,1-8) appellent le juge « <i>Élokim</i> », que le Talmud explique comme un titre honorifique signifiant un juge expert et ordonné. Voir Rachi « <i>L’eméïdan</i> » <i>ad loc</i>. (voir aussi <i>Sanhédrine</i> 2b-3a ; Rachi « <i>Élokim</i> » sur <a href="/torah-texts/5455000/Talmud/Bava-Kama/Chapter-8/84b" data-book-id="17216-5455000" title="Bava Kama 84b&#160;" target="_blank"><i>Bava Kama</i> 84b </a>; <i>Guittine</i> 88b).</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR7a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote7a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef7a7115262">7.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Nombres 27,23.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR8a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote8a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef8a7115262">8.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Nombres 11,16 et 25. On en déduit que, dans les générations ultérieures, l’ordination n’avait pas besoin d’être conférée par une imposition des mains au sens propre. Voir <i>Responsa</i> <i>Tsits Éliézer</i> 16:54.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR9a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote9a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef9a7115262">9.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>C’était au sens littéral de « mon maître » ou « mon enseignant », et non comme un titre.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR10a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote10a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef10a7115262">10.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Maïmonide, <i>Hilkhot Sanhédrine</i> 4:2.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR11a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote11a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef11a7115262">11.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Maïmonide, <i>ibid</i>. 4:1.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR12a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote12a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef12a7115262">12.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><i>Sanhédrine</i> 13b-14a ; Maïmonide, <i>Hilkhot Sanhédrine</i> 4:5. Voir toutefois le <i>Yad Rama</i> sur <i>Sanhédrine</i> 14a, qui estime que les trois devaient eux-mêmes avoir été ordonnés.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR13a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote13a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef13a7115262">13.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Cette règle n’entra en vigueur qu’à partir de la première entrée des Juifs en Terre d’Israël. Elle est analogue à d’autres lois liées à la Terre d’Israël : par exemple, dès l’entrée en Israël, il fut interdit d’offrir des sacrifices à D.ieu hors d’Israël (avant même la construction du Temple). C’est pourquoi Josué fut ordonné hors d’Israël. Voir Rabbi Chmouel Touvia Shtern, <i>Sefer ‘Houkat ‘Olam</i> 70, pour une discussion détaillée.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR14a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote14a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef14a7115262">14.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Maïmonide, <i>Hilkhot Sanhédrine</i> 4:6 ; Talmud <i>ibid</i>.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR15a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote15a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef15a7115262">15.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><i>Sanhédrine</i> 5a-b.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR16a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote16a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef16a7115262">16.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Maïmonide, <i>ibid</i>. 4:8. Voir les commentaires <i>ad loc</i>. quant à la source de l’affirmation de Maïmonide selon laquelle le récipiendaire de l’ordination, même limitée à un domaine, devait être qualifié pour statuer en tout. Un exemple d’une situation où l’on était qualifié pour statuer en tout, mais où l’autorisation ne fut pas accordée, se trouve dans le Talmud (<i>ibid</i>.) : Rabbi Yehouda le Prince accorda à son élève Rav l’autorisation de statuer en tout sauf pour savoir si un premier-né animal est apte à être offert. Le Talmud propose deux raisons : A) pour rehausser le prestige d’un autre sage, Rabba bar ‘Hanah, autorisé dans ce domaine ; B) du fait de la grande expertise de Rav en discernement des défauts des animaux, il risquait de permettre un cas que d’autres, moins experts, ne comprendraient pas pleinement, et ceux-ci pourraient alors, à tort, permettre un cas apparemment similaire.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR17a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote17a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef17a7115262">17.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><i>Sanhédrine</i> 5a.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR18a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote18a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef18a7115262">18.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Talmud <i>ibid</i>. 5b.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR19a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote19a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef19a7115262">19.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><i>Talmud de Jérusalem</i>, <i>Sanhédrine</i> 10:2. Cela se fonde sur le verset de II <a href="/library/bible_cdo/aid/15835/jewish/Chapter-6.htm#v1" data-book-id="11380-15835" title="Samuel&#160;6,1" target="_blank">Samuel 6,1</a> : « Et David continua [à rassembler] toute l’élite d’Israël, trente mille hommes. » Si de nombreuses éditions du <i>Talmud de Jérusalem</i> donnent le chiffre de 90 000, le chiffre 30 000 est celui de l’édition qu’avait Maïmonide (<i>ibid</i>. 4:7).</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR20a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote20a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef20a7115262">20.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><i>Talmud de Jérusalem</i>, <i>Sanhédrine</i> 1:2.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR21a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote21a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef21a7115262">21.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Voir <i>Talmud de Jérusalem</i>, <i>ibid</i>., et Maïmonide, <i>ibid</i>. 4:5.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR22a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote22a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef22a7115262">22.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>L’explication suivante des termes, ainsi que la liste des premiers à les porter, provient de la lettre de Rabbi Cherira Gaon (<i>ibid</i>.).</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR23a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote23a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef23a7115262">23.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>À cette époque déjà, le <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/6677811/jewish/Le-Sanhdrine.htm" title="Le Sanhédrine">Sanhédrine</a> – la cour rabbinique – avait été déplacé et ne siégeait plus sur le mont du Temple. Ainsi, bien que l’on pût être ordonné, on ne pouvait plus appliquer la peine capitale.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR24a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote24a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef24a7115262">24.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>La <i>Tossefta</i> sur <i>Edouyot</i> 3:4 propose une autre explication de ces titres : « Celui qui a des disciples, et dont les disciples ont eux-mêmes des disciples, est appelé “rabbi” ; lorsque ses disciples sont oubliés [c’est-à-dire s’il est si âgé que même ses disciples immédiats appartiennent à la génération passée], il est appelé “Rabbane” ; et lorsque les disciples de ses disciples sont eux aussi oubliés, on l’appelle simplement par son nom. »</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR25a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote25a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef25a7115262">25.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Voir par exemple <i>Avot</i> (Maximes des Pères) 1:16. Si ces sages sont cités de nombreuses fois dans la Michna et le Talmud, l’intérêt de <i>Avot</i> est de rendre facile l’établissement de la chronologie.</p>
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</div>
<div id="footnoteTR26a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote26a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef26a7115262">26.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><i>Ibid</i>. 1:18. Rabbane Gamliel et son fils Rabbane Chimone furent <i>nassi</i>.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR27a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote27a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef27a7115262">27.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><i>Ibid</i>. 2:8. Rabbane Yo’hanane servit comme <i>av beth din</i> du vivant de Rabbane Gamliel et de son fils. De plus, il fut aussi <i>nassi</i> pendant quelques années. Voir <i>Seder Hadorot</i>, s.v. Rabbane Yo’hanane ben Zakaï.</p>
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</div>
<div id="footnoteTR28a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote28a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef28a7115262">28.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Voir la lettre de Rabbi Cherira Gaon citée par Rabbi Nathan bar Yé’hiel dans <i>Sefer Haroukh</i>, s.v. Abayé ; <i>Avot</i> 2:9.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR29a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote29a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef29a7115262">29.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><i>Ibid</i>.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR30a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote30a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef30a7115262">30.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Le Chabbat, il est interdit de sortir à plus de 2 000 <i>amot</i> de la ville où l’on se trouve.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR31a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote31a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef31a7115262">31.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><i>Sanhédrine</i> 14a.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR32a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote32a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef32a7115262">32.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Rabbi Moché ben Na’hmane (Na’hmanide), dans <i>Sefer HaZekhout</i> sur <i>Guittine</i> 18a du Rif et son commentaire sur <i>Guittine</i> 36a ; <i>Sefer Haterouma</i>, Chaar 45 ; Rabbénou Nissim 20a du Rif sur <i>Guittine</i>.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR33a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote33a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef33a7115262">33.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Voir <i>Responsa</i> imprimées dans <i>Kovets Chaarei Tsédek</i>, p. 29-30.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR34a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote34a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef34a7115262">34.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Voir <i>Sefer Ha-Shetarot</i>, p. 132.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR35a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote35a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef35a7115262">35.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><a href="/torah-texts/5458909/Talmud/Makot/Chapter-3/23a" data-book-id="17216-5458909" title="Makot 23a" target="_blank"><i>Makot</i> 23a</a>.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR36a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote36a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef36a7115262">36.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Maïmonide, <i>Hilkhot Sanhédrine</i> 4:11 ; commentaire sur la Michna, <i>Sanhédrine</i> 1:3. Maïmonide explique que, bien qu’il soit possible de rétablir la <i>semikha</i> classique, les sages se lamentèrent de la perte de la <i>semikha</i> et, avec elle, de la capacité à juger les affaires pénales. Ils estimaient que, les Juifs étant si dispersés, il était impossible d’obtenir un consentement unanime pour désigner un juge. Toutefois, si quelqu’un a déjà reçu la <i>semikha</i> d’un rabbin ordonné, il n’a pas besoin du consentement de tous et peut juger des affaires pénales pour l’ensemble, puisqu’il a reçu la <i>semikha</i> d’un tribunal rabbinique.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR37a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote37a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef37a7115262">37.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Voir « <i>Kountrès HaSemikha</i> » imprimé dans les <i>Responsa</i> de Rabbi Lévi ibn ‘Haviv, Kountrès 1–3, et « <i>Iguéret HaSemikha</i> » de Rabbi Yaakov Beirav, imprimée dans le même <i>Kountrès</i>.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR38a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote38a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef38a7115262">38.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Voici quelques-uns des principaux points de leur désaccord (voir les <i>Responsa</i> de Rabbi Lévi ibn ‘Haviv, <i>Kountrès HaSemikha</i>). A) Le rétablissement de la <i>semikha</i> entraînerait celui du Sanhédrine : ce serait hâter la rédemption finale, ce qui n’est pas permis. B) Les derniers mots de Maïmonide, « Cette question requiert une décision finale », montrent qu’il n’était pas pleinement arrêté ; la <i>halakha</i> suit donc Rabbi Moché ben Na’hmane (Na’hmanide), <i>Sefer Hamitsvot</i>, Assé 153. C) Si le Sanhédrine était rétabli, il devrait fixer le calendrier des mois et des fêtes. Comme la plupart des Juifs suivaient le calendrier fixé par Hillel, cela causerait des divisions inutiles. D) Même si Maïmonide avait raison, faute de la présence des érudits de Jérusalem, l’élection était invalide.</p>
<p>Rabbi Yaakov Beirav répliqua (<i>Iguéret HaSemikha</i>) : A) le rétablissement de la <i>semikha</i> n’est pas une hâte de la rédemption, mais l’accomplissement d’un commandement positif ; B) les mots de conclusion de Maïmonide « Cette question requiert une décision finale » renvoient à une autre question juridique ; C) il n’y avait pas d’empêchement à laisser le calendrier juif inchangé ; D) les érudits les plus éminents vivaient à Safed, ce qui suffisait : en droit juif « tous » signifie la « partie principale » et non « absolument tout le monde ». Voir <i>Kountrès HaSemikha</i>, ibid., pour l’échange détaillé.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR39a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote39a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef39a7115262">39.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Comme l’écrit Rabbi Yaakov Beirav à la fin de son <i>Iguéret HaSemikha</i>. Voir toutefois Rabbi Guédalia ibn ‘Hiya dans <i>ChaChelét HaKabala</i>, qui énumère d’autres rabbins ordonnés et mentionne un total de dix (sans tous les nommer).</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR40a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote40a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef40a7115262">40.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Voir <i>Érets ‘Haïm</i> de Rabbi Yossef ‘Haïm S’thon, <i>‘Hochen Michpat</i> 1, qui rapporte la tradition selon laquelle Rabbi Yaakov Beirav désignait ces quatre rabbins.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR41a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote41a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef41a7115262">41.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><i>Birkei Yossef</i>, <i>‘Hochen Michpat</i> 1:7.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR42a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote42a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef42a7115262">42.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Na’hmanide, Assé 153 (tel que compris par Rabbi Lévi ibn ‘Haviv dans <i>Kountrès HaSemikha</i>) ; Rashba sur <a href="/torah-texts/5454586/Talmud/Bava-Kama/Chapter-4/36b" data-book-id="17216-5454586" title="Bava Kama 36b&#160;" target="_blank"><i>Bava Kama</i> 36b </a>; Ritva et Nimoukei Yossef sur <i>Yévamot</i> 122b. Voir aussi le commentaire de Rabbi David ibn Zimra (Radbaz) sur <i>Michné Torah</i>, <i>Hilkhot Sanhédrine</i> 4:11, où il écrit que la cessation de cette nouvelle ordination fut due à l’opposition de Rabbi Lévi ibn ‘Haviv.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR43a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote43a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef43a7115262">43.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Maïmonide, <i>Hilkhot Talmoud Torah</i> 5:2-3 ; <i>Choul’hane Aroukh</i>, <i>Yoré Déa</i> 242:4.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR44a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote44a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef44a7115262">44.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><i>Responsa</i> de Rabbi Moché Isserlès 24 ; Rabbi Moché Sofer (<i>‘Hatam Sofer</i>), <i>Even Haézer</i>, vol. 2, 94.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR45a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote45a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef45a7115262">45.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><i>Responsa</i> de Rabbi Its’hak bar Sheshet (<i>Rivash</i>) 271 ; glose de Rabbi Moché Isserlès au <i>Choul’hane Aroukh</i>, <i>Yoré Déa</i> 242:14 ; <i>Aroukh HaChoul’hane</i>, <i>Yoré Déa</i> 242:29. Voir aussi <i>Responsa</i> de Rabbi Méchoulam Rothe, <i>Kol Mévasser</i> 1:12, qui souligne la contradiction apparente entre les deux positions de Rabbi Isserlès (voir notes 26–27) et explique que la position exprimée dans sa glose du <i>Choul’hane Aroukh</i> représente son avis final.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR46a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote46a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef46a7115262">46.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><i>Aroukh HaChoul’hane</i>, <i>Yoré Déa</i> 242:29. L’auteur y ajoute que la fonction principale de la <i>semikha</i> contemporaine est de conférer l’autorité d’exercer comme rabbin communal. Nul ne peut rendre de décisions <i>halakhiques</i> dans une ville où réside un tel rabbin ordonné sans le consentement de celui-ci.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR47a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote47a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef47a7115262">47.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Voir <i>Sanhédrine</i> 5a. Un autre type d’ordination, mentionné dans le Talmud (<i>ibid</i>.) et aujourd’hui disparu, appelé <i>Yatir Bekhorot</i>, autorisait à statuer sur la question de savoir si un premier-né animal portait un défaut rendant impossible son offrande en sacrifice.</p>
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<div id="footnoteTR48a7115262" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote48a7115262" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef48a7115262">48.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Voir <i>Chaar Halakha Ouminhag</i>, vol. 4, p. 104-105 ; <i>Sefer Haminhaguim</i>, p. 75.</p>
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if (typeof(glossary_items) == 'undefined') glossary_items={};glossary_items['g_28773']={word: 'Rabbi Akiva', text: ['(c. 50-c.135 CE) Among the greatest of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2701\">Mishnaic</a> sages. Unless otherwise stated, all Mishnayos are presumed to be in accordance with the Rabbi Akiva\'s view. He was the son of converts, and an unlearned shepherd. At the age of 40, at the insistence of his wife, he began studying <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1199\">Torah</a>, under <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2369\">Eliezer ben Hyrcanus</a>, <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10758\">Joshua ben Hananiah</a>, and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10765\">Nahum Ish Gamzu</a> ultimately attracting 24,000 students including <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1417\">Rabbi Simeon ben Yohai</a>, <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=10772\">Rabbi Meir</a> and Rabbi Judah ben Ilai. He supported <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9515\">Bar Kochba\'s revolt</a>. He was imprisoned and savagely murdered by the Romans for teaching Torah (he is one of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9300\">Ten Martyrs</a>).'], article_count: [70], kid: [1418],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/277384/jewish/Rabbi-Akiva-Akiba.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Rabbi Akiva (Akiba)',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_31613']={word: 'Beth Din', text: ['(lit. \"house of law\"); rabbinical court'], article_count: [10], kid: [10861],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/3582308/jewish/What-Is-a-Beit-Din.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'What Is a Beit Din?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_32371']={word: 'Avraham', text: ['(a) (1813-1638 BCE) The first of the three <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2174\">Patriarchs</a>; the first Jew. He discovered G-d on his own and rejected the idolatry of his contemporaries. G-d commanded him to travel from his Mesopotamian homeland to Canaan, where He bequeathed the land to his descendants in the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9169\">Covenant between the Parts</a>. He successfully withstood ten tests with which G-d challenged him, including the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=4555\">Binding of Isaac</a> incident. Husband of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=221\">Sarah</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=222\">Hagar</a>, father of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=223\">Ishmael</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2202\">Isaac</a>--his heir. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [210], kid: [220],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/112356/jewish/The-Story-of-Abraham.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Story of Abraham',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_32837']={word: 'Hanania', text: ['(a) (c, 400 BCE) Exiled to Babylon together with <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=13599\">Daniel</a>, <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=13603\">Mishael</a>, and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=13604\">Azariah</a>, where they were trained to be chamberlains in the royal court. Despite the personal risk involved, they refused to eat the royal non-kosher cuisine. They were later appointed to government positions. They were thrown into a furnace after refusing to bow to an idol erected by <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9114\">Nebuchadnezzar</a>. Miraculously, they emerged unscathed, as described in the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=12280\">Book of Daniel</a>. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [1], kid: [13602],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/4166033/jewish/The-Story-of-Nehemia-in-the-Bible.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Story of Nehemia in the Bible',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_33334']={word: 'Halakha', text: ['(lit. “the pathway”); (a) the body of Jewish law; (b) a single law'], article_count: [1228], kid: [1500],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/4165687/jewish/What-Is-Halakhah-Halachah-Jewish-Law.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'What Is Halakhah (Halachah)? Jewish Law',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_33638']={word: 'Temple', text: ['the Holy Temple in Jerusalem'], article_count: [904], kid: [238],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/52754/jewish/The-Holy-Temple-an-Anthology.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Holy Temple: an Anthology',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_33678']={word: 'Talmud', text: ['the basic compendium of Jewish law and thought; its tractates mainly comprise the discussions collectively known as the Gemara, which elucidate the germinal statements of law (mishnayot) collectively known as the Mishnah; when unspecified refers to the Talmud Bavli, the edition developed in Babylonia, and edited at the end of the fifth century C.E.; the Talmud Yerushalmi is the edition compiled in the Land of Israel at the end of the fourth century C.E.'], article_count: [1005], kid: [2700],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/2537389/jewish/Talmud.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Talmud',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_33936']={word: 'Hillel', text: ['(d. 9 CE) <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2701\">Mishnaic</a> sage, native of Babylon, student of Shemaiah and Abtalion, teacher of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=12576\">Jonathan ben Uzziel</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11041\">Johanan ben Zakkai</a>, Nasi of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=12282\">Sanhedrin</a>. He is well known for his statement, \"What is hateful to you, do not do unto your fellow man.\" His <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1199\">Torah</a> academy was known as the “<a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=7547\">House of Hillel</a>.”'], article_count: [27], kid: [1419],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/4042931/jewish/Hillel-the-Elder.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Hillel the Elder',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34197']={word: 'Yaakov', text: ['(a) (1653-1506 BCE) Third of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2174\">Patriarchs</a>, son of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1476\">Rebecca</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2202\">Isaac</a>. A studious man, he incurred his twin brother <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1478\">Esau</a>’s wrath when he <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1475\">deceptively received Isaac’s blessings</a>. He fled to Padan Aram where he married <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1653\">Leah</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2283\">Rachel</a>. He fathered the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=7080\">Twelve Tribes</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1652\">Dinah</a>. He returned to Canaan but lived his final years in Egypt, where he went to be with his son <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2224\">Joseph</a>, viceroy of Egypt. He’s buried in the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=8412\">Cave of Machpelah</a> in <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=8411\">Hebron</a>. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [159], kid: [1477],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/112361/jewish/Who-Was-Jacob-in-the-Bible.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Who Was Jacob in the Bible?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34199']={word: 'Arizal', text: ['Rabbi Isaac Luria (1534-1572), also known by the acronym “Ari” or “Arizal.” Born in Jerusalem, died in Safed. One of the greatest kabbalists of all times, he founded a new school in Kabbalah – the so-called “Lurianic Kabbalah” – which is the basis of almost all mystical works that followed him. He studied with <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=3536\">Rabbi Moshe Cordovero</a>, whom he succeeded as the leading mystic of Safed.'], article_count: [31], kid: [1505],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/111878/jewish/Rabbi-Isaac-Luria-The-Ari-Hakodosh.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Rabbi Isaac Luria - The Ari Hakodosh',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34229']={word: 'Malkot', text: ['(\"lashes\") The Jewish court would administer lashes to a person who intentionally violated a negative commandment. The amount of lashes was determined by a doctor\'s assessment of what the person could sustain, up to thirty-nine.'], article_count: [3], kid: [2790],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/71930/jewish/The-Astronaut.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Astronaut',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_34858']={word: 'Nassi', text: ['(a) in Biblical times, the head of any one of the twelve tribes; (b) in later generations, the civil and/or spiritual head of the Jewish community at large.'], article_count: [1], kid: [11048],relatedArticleUrl: '/parshah/article_cdo/aid/2110818/jewish/To-Be-a-Leader-of-the-Jewish-People.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'To Be a Leader of the Jewish People',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35372']={word: 'Karet', text: ['(lit. “excision”); the cutting of the soul, causing premature death on the earthly plane and a severing of the soul’s connection with G-d on the spiritual plane'], article_count: [1], kid: [10949],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/1340046/jewish/Karet-Can-Someone-Be-Cut-Off-From-G-d.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Karet: Can Someone Be Cut Off From G‑d?',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35561']={word: 'David', text: ['(a) (907-837 BCE) A Bethlehem native, youngest son of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9270\">Jesse</a> and <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9269\">Nitzevet</a>. A shepherd boy, he rose to fame after slaying the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11968\">Philistine</a> hero <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11978\">Goliath</a>. This earned him the hand of <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11969\">King Saul</a>’s daughter <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11979\">Michal</a> in marriage. Anointed by <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1356\">Samuel</a> to succeed Saul after the latter failed to annihilate <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2825\">Amalek</a>. This aroused Saul\'s jealousy, who then pursued him relentlessly. David became king after Saul’s death. During his monarchy, David successfully secured and expanded Israel’s borders, but was beset by a series of revolts and personal tribulations. Compiled the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=2172\">Book of Psalms</a>. Succeeded by his son <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9298\">Solomon</a>. (b) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [98], kid: [2417],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/463954/jewish/King-David.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'King David',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_35783']={word: 'Beth', text: ['the second letter of the Hebrew alphabet, prounounced \"b\" (or \"v\" if without a <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=11364\">dagesh</a>), with a numerical value of 2'], article_count: [10], kid: [1524],relatedArticleUrl: '/multimedia/video_cdo/aid/725011/jewish/The-Bet.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Bet',isVideo: true,};glossary_items['g_35818']={word: 'Gaon', text: ['(lit. ‘magnificent’); a Torah genius; especially the head of one of the Babylonian Talmudic academies that illuminated the period between 500 and 1038'], article_count: [0], kid: [10778],relatedArticleUrl: '',relatedArticleTitle: '',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_36403']={word: 'Adam', text: ['(a) (3760-2830 BCE) The first man, created by <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=3001\">G-d</a>. Married <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=214\"> Eve</a>, and together they are the progenitors of the human race. They were placed in the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=9970\">Garden of Eden</a>, but were banished from there after eating from the forbidden <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1562\">Tree of Knowledge</a>. (b) Man. (c) A common Jewish name.'], article_count: [62], kid: [213],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/246606/jewish/The-Story-of-Adam-and-Eve-in-the-Bible.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Story of Adam and Eve in the Bible',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_36650']={word: 'Rav', text: ['(d. 247) His given name was Abba bar Aibu, but was known simply as \"Rav\" (\"rabbi\"). Last of the <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=12574\">Mishnaic sages</a> and the first of the Babylonian <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=1416\">Talmudic sages</a>. Born in Babylon, he studied in Israel in his youth, but returned to Babylon and studied in Nahardea, where he befriended <a href=\"/search/keyword.asp?kid=13916\">Samuel bar Abba</a> and was appointed as \"Inspector of the Markets\" by the exilarch. Rav later moved to Sura, where he founded a Torah academy and transformed the city into a center of Jewish scholarship.','(lit. “Rabbi”); the halachic authority and spiritual guide of a community'], article_count: [7,0], kid: [10222,11124],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/112292/jewish/Rav.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'Rav',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_36753']={word: 'Ben', text: ['(lit. “son of...”); used as part of a man’s formal name, followed by the name of either his father or mother'], article_count: [0], kid: [10863],relatedArticleUrl: '',relatedArticleTitle: '',isVideo: false,};glossary_items['g_37034']={word: 'Av', text: ['the fifth month of the Jewish year, corresponding to July-August; the month in which both Temples were destroyed; also called Menachem Av'], article_count: [15], kid: [10845],relatedArticleUrl: '/library/article_cdo/aid/2263460/jewish/Av.htm',relatedArticleTitle: 'The Hebrew Month of Av',isVideo: false,};
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